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Sesame

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Sesame, known scientifically as Sesamum indicum, is a tall perennial plant.

Leiden University Library - Seikei Zusetsu vol. 20, page 006 - 胡麻 - Sesamum indicum L., 1804
Leiden University Library - Seikei Zusetsu vol. 20, page 006 - 胡麻 - Sesamum indicum L., 1804

It belongs to the genus Sesamum, which includes many wild species native to sub-Saharan Africa. The cultivated version, Sesamum indicum, is famous for its edible seeds. These seeds grow inside fruit called capsules. Sesame is highly valued because it is one of the oldest known oilseed crops. It is also a very robust plant that can survive in harsh environments. This makes it a vital resource for food and oil production globally.

The plant grows with long, opposite leaves that are broad at the base. As the plant grows toward its flowering stem, the leaves narrow. The flowers are tubular and can be white, pink, or purple. The fruit is a capsule that typically contains four locules, or chambers. Inside these chambers, small, ovate seeds grow. These seeds are usually between 3 and 4 mm in size. They can be white or black depending on the specific cultivar. The seeds are slightly flattened and have a small indentation called a hilum.

Growing sesame requires specific environmental conditions to produce a good harvest. The plant is highly drought-tolerant because it has an extensive root system. This allows it to grow in high heat or in areas where other crops fail. However, it needs enough moisture during germination and early growth. The plant also responds to the photoperiod, which is the amount of light it receives daily. An increased photoperiod can actually increase the oil content of the seeds. While it can survive many conditions, extreme drought or excessive water can lower the total yield.

One major challenge for farmers is a process called dehiscence. This occurs when the seedpod capsule bursts open as the seeds ripen. If this happens too early, the seeds scatter on the ground and are lost. Wind or late-season rain can cause this shattering to happen unexpectedly. To manage this, many farmers cut the plants by hand. They stand the plants upright to let the capsules ripen safely. Scientists are currently working to develop indehiscent mutants, which are varieties that do not shatter.

Sesame has a history that spans thousands of years. Archaeological evidence shows that sesame was domesticated in the Indian subcontinent at least 5,500 years ago. Charred remnants dating to 3500–3050 BC have been discovered. By 2000 BC, trade between the Indian subcontinent and Mesopotamia was already occurring. In ancient Egypt, sesame was used as a medicinal drug. Baskets of sesame were even found in the tomb of King Tutankhamen. Some researchers believe the plant may have originally originated in Ethiopia.

Today, sesame is a massive global industry. In 2022, the world produced 6.7 million tonnes of sesame seeds.

sesame seed production, World, 2023 (cropped)
sesame seed production, World, 2023 (cropped)

Sudan, India, and Myanmar are the top three producers. Together, these three nations account for 41% of the total world production. Different regions focus on different seed colors. China and Southeast Asia primarily produce black or dark seeds. Meanwhile, white or lighter seeds are more common in Europe, the Americas, and West Asia. Japan is currently the world's largest importer of sesame.

The nutritional profile of sesame is very impressive. Dried sesame seeds consist of about 50% fat and 18% protein. They are also rich in carbohydrates and contain various B vitamins. They provide significant amounts of minerals like calcium, iron, and magnesium. However, seeds also contain phytic acid, which is an antinutrient. This substance can bind to minerals and prevent the body from absorbing them. Heating or cooking the seeds can help reduce the levels of this acid.

Because sesame is so common, it is a significant food allergen. It is one of the nine most common allergens identified by the Food and Drug Administration. Some people may experience anaphylaxis, a severe allergic reaction, after eating it. There is also cross-reactivity, meaning people allergic to peanuts or hazelnuts might react to sesame. Because of this, many countries have strict labeling laws. In the United States, the FASTER Act requires sesame to be clearly labeled on food packaging to ensure consumer safety.

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