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School shooting

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A school shooting is an armed attack at an educational institution using a firearm. Many of these incidents are also categorized as mass shootings because they result in multiple casualties. These events are significant because they spark intense political debates. In the United States, people argue over gun rights, gun control, and zero tolerance policies. The frequency of these events in the U.S. is notably high. Between 2009 and 2018, the U.S. had over 50 times as many shootings as all other G7 nations combined.

Us-school-shooting-data-by-decade-1900-2019
Us-school-shooting-data-by-decade-1900-2019

Researchers study several factors to understand why these attacks occur. One major factor is the easy access to firearms. Data from the National Center for the Analysis of Violent Crime shows a clear pattern. Since 1999, 80% of guns used in shootings by children or adolescents were taken from a home or a relative's home. This availability directly affects the probability of a shooting occurring. Because of this, some people argue that parents should be held criminally negligent for their children's actions. By 2018, four parents had been convicted for failing to secure guns used by their children.

Understanding the motives of attackers is also a key part of this research. Most attackers have complex reasons for their actions. The most common motive is being bullied, persecuted, or threatened, which applies to 75% of shooters. Revenge is the second most common motive at 61%. Many attackers also report having multiple reasons for their behavior, with 54% reporting more than one motive. Other reported motives include attempting to solve a problem (34%), suicide or depression (27%), and seeking attention or recognition (24%).

In the past, experts tried to create a specific profile to identify potential attackers. An FBI report once described shooters as middle-class, lonely, or alienated Caucasian males. However, more recent studies from the U.S. Secret Service suggest this is not accurate. A study of 37 incidents showed that perpetrators come from many different backgrounds. Some were children of divorce, while others lived in foster homes or intact nuclear families. Most attackers had rarely or never gotten into trouble at school. This makes it very difficult to identify a single "type" of person who might be an assailant.

Biological development in adolescents is another area of study. During the teenage years, the brain undergoes a process called synaptic pruning. This is when the nervous system removes unused connections, such as axons and neurons, to strengthen retained ones. This process is also known as apoptosis, or cell death. The pre-frontal cortex is the part of the brain responsible for decision-making. It is also the last area to finish developing. While it is still growing, teenagers may rely more on the amygdala. The amygdala is a part of the brain that is more emotionally active. This can lead to increased aggression, impulsiveness, and riskier decisions.

Bullying is a common factor in the lives of many school shooters. Bullying typically involves three parts: the offender, the victim, and one or more bystanders. This structure allows the bully to create public humiliation. Students who are bullied often face depression and poor social skills. They may also struggle with self-control or perform poorly in school. Some victims may attempt to "restore justice" to an unjust situation through violence. This connection is seen in many cases, such as the shooter at Robb Elementary school.

Columbine Shooting Security Camera
Columbine Shooting Security Camera

Finally, the relationship between mental illness and violence is a subject of much debate. A 2002 report found that a majority of school shooters displayed mental health symptoms. However, most people with mental illness are not violent. Criminologists note that mass shooters often externalize their problems by blaming others. They are also unlikely to seek psychiatric help even when it is available. Research shows that 12% of people with serious mental illness committed violence in a year, compared to 2% of those without. This shows that while mental health is a factor, it is part of a much larger, complicated system of causes.

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File:Columbine Shooting Security Camera.jpg
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