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A scam, often called a confidence trick or a con game, is a method used to defraud a person or a group. The core of this act is gaining the victim's trust before stealing from them. Researchers describe these tricks as a specific type of fraudulent conduct. These actions are designed to create exchanges that are not mutually beneficial. Instead, the con operator benefits at the direct expense of the victims, who are often called "marks."

A Confidence Trick - JM Staniforth
A Confidence Trick - JM Staniforth

Scammers use many different names for their work. You might hear terms like grifter, hustler, swindler, or con artist. They also use words like bunco, flimflam, or bamboozle to describe the act. The people being tricked are referred to by various names as well. These include marks, suckers, stooges, or gulls, which comes from the word gullible. Sometimes, scammers use accomplices called shills to help the trick succeed.

Scams vary greatly in how much time they require to complete. A short con is a fast swindle that may take only minutes or even seconds. These usually aim to take money or valuables that a person is currently carrying. In contrast, a long con, or "big con," unfolds over several days or weeks. These complex operations may involve a whole team of swindlers. They might use props, sets, costumes, and even scripted lines to fool the victim. The goal of a long con is often to steal much larger amounts, sometimes even forcing victims to empty their bank accounts.

History provides interesting origins for these deceptive practices. The shell game is a type of trick that dates back to ancient Greece. In the mid-1800s, a man named William Thompson became a famous figure in this world. Thompson was actually a clumsy swindler who asked people to show "confidence" by giving him money or watches. He was arrested in July 1849. A reporter named James Houston wrote about the arrest in the New York Herald. Houston used the term "confidence man" in a satirical way. Although he meant it as a joke, the name stuck and became a real term. Soon after, the National Police Gazette coined the phrase "confidence game."

Edward H. Smith identified six specific stages that many confidence games follow. First is foundation work, where the scammer prepares by studying the victim and hiring assistants. Next is the approach, where the victim is first contacted. During the build-up, the victim is shown an opportunity to profit. This stage often encourages greed to impair the victim's rational judgment. Then comes the convincer, or pay-off. This is a small, sometimes fake, payout that proves the scheme works. Finally, a manufactured crisis called "the hurrah" forces the victim to make a sudden decision. This is the moment the scam either succeeds or fails.

Other experts, like David Maurer, describe ten stages for a "big con." This process begins with locating a well-to-do victim and gaining their confidence. The scammer then steers the victim toward an "insideman," who is an accomplice. This accomplice shows the victim how to make money dishonestly. After the victim sees a small profit, the scammer determines exactly how much they will invest. The victim is then sent home to get the money. Finally, the scammer fleeces the victim and ensures they get away quietly without involving the law.

Scams are successful because they exploit specific human characteristics. Scammers look for traits like vanity, compassion, greed, or even desperation. They may also target people who are being irresponsible or naive. Because these tricks rely on the victim's trust, there is no single profile for a victim. However, investment scams often target the elderly or those showing high levels of gullibility. This makes the victims vulnerable to being manipulated through their own emotions or desires.

In the modern era, fraud has adapted rapidly to the internet. This shift has led to massive financial losses worldwide. In 2021, the FBI's Internet Crime Complaint Center received 847,376 reports in the United States. These reports represented a loss of $6.9 billion in that year alone. Globally, the scale is even larger, with $47.8 billion lost to scams. The number of reported scams rose from 139 million in 2019 to 266 million in 2020. To fight this, many countries have created reporting websites, such as ScamWatch in Australia and ActionFraud in the United Kingdom.

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