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Sanctity of life

philosophy religion Maturity 13-18 religion death dying Next article →

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The sanctity of life is a foundational principle in ethics and religion. It is also known as the inviolability of life. This concept suggests that certain aspects of sentient life are holy or sacred. Because these lives possess such immense value, they are protected from being violated. This principle can be applied to humans and animals. Some traditions even extend this protection to microorganisms.

In many religious contexts, the mechanism of this sanctity involves a relationship with the divine. In Christianity, the sanctity of life means humans are precious because their lives belong to God. This idea is central to Catholic moral theology. It also informs the interpretation of the fifth commandment in the Ten Commandments. Some thinkers contrast the absolute sanctity of life with the concept of the quality of life. This distinction often shapes debates regarding abortion and euthanasia.

Different religious traditions establish specific rules for how to prioritize life. In Judaism, the principle of Pikuach nefesh is used to preserve human life. This rule allows a person to override almost all other Jewish laws and practices. The goal is the conservation of humanity and the survival of a human being. This principle applies to saving both Jews and non-Jews. Regarding abortion, all denominations of Judaism allow the procedure to save the life of the mother.

Islam also holds a deep respect for the sacred nature of life. While all life forms are considered sacred, Islam places humans above other living things. The Qur'an does not explicitly mention abortion, but other teachings guide the practice. Muslims believe that ensoulment occurs on the 120th day of gestation. This is the point when a soul is believed to enter the body. Before ensoulment, abortion may be allowed for fetal anomalies.

Islamic teachings provide specific conditions for medical decisions after ensoulment. After the 120th day, all schools of Islam permit abortion to save the mother's life. It is also permitted in cases of intrauterine death, such as a miscarriage. There is a growing movement to allow abortion for malformed fetuses. This applies if their deaths are inevitable shortly after birth. Generally, the inability to provide for a fetus is not an accepted reason for abortion. However, some schools of thought are more lenient on this specific matter.

One significant way to understand this topic is through the lens of anthropocentrism. In Western thought, the sanctity of life is often applied solely to the human species. This view is sometimes called dominionism. This stands in marked contrast to many schools of Eastern philosophy. Many Eastern traditions hold that all animal life is sacred. They do not limit the concept of sanctity to humans alone.

Jainism provides a striking example of how these beliefs influence daily actions. Practitioners of Jainism follow the concept of Ahimsa, which involves non-violence. They view even tiny microorganisms as having sacred value. To avoid harming insects, some practitioners carry brushes. They use these brushes to sweep insects from their path. This ensures they do not inadvertently tread upon a living thing. This level of care demonstrates a total commitment to the sanctity of all life.

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