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Salad

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A salad is a versatile culinary dish composed of various mixed ingredients. While many people associate salads with vegetables, the category includes a vast range of food combinations.

A large mixed salad
A large mixed salad

Most salads are served chilled or at room temperature. However, some versions are served warm. To enhance the flavor, chefs use condiments known as salad dressings. These dressings are typically savory in profile. Most are prepared using either a mixture of oil and vinegar or a creamy dairy base. This simple combination of ingredients transforms raw or cooked items into a cohesive meal.

Salads can be categorized by how they are prepared and presented. A composed salad features ingredients that are specifically arranged on a serving dish to create a visual pattern. In contrast, a tossed salad involves placing ingredients in a bowl and mixing them together, often with the dressing.

Tabouleh 1
Tabouleh 1

Another specific category is the bound salad. These are assembled using thick sauces, such as mayonnaise, which act as a binding agent. Because of this texture, a portion of a bound salad will hold its shape when placed on a plate with a scoop. Common examples include tuna salad, chicken salad, and potato salad, which are frequently served at picnics or used as sandwich fillings.

There are many distinct types of salads based on their primary ingredients. A garden salad, or green salad, uses a base of leafy vegetables like lettuce, arugula, kale, or spinach. If non-leafy vegetables make up the majority of the dish, it is often called a vegetable salad. These may include cucumbers, tomatoes, onions, or radishes. Other varieties include grain-based salads, such as those made with rice, pasta, or noodles. Fruit salads utilize fresh or canned fruit, while dessert salads are often sweet. Dessert salads might include gelatin, whipped cream, or even crumbled cookies, such as the rice and cookie salad found in Midwestern America.

Salads also serve different roles during a meal. An appetizer salad is a light, small-portion dish served as the first course. Side salads, such as coleslaw, are meant to accompany a main course. Main course salads, also called entrée salads in the United States, are much larger and more substantial. These typically contain high-protein foods like eggs, legumes, cheese, poultry, seafood, or steak. For example, a Cobb salad often uses Roquefort blue cheese, while a chef salad might use Swiss, Cheddar, or Provolone. This variety ensures that a salad can function as anything from a light snack to a complete dinner.

A large mixed salad
A large mixed salad

The history of the salad stretches back to ancient civilizations. The ancient Greeks and Romans ate mixed greens with dressings. As the Greek and Roman empires expanded, layered and dressed salads became popular throughout Europe. The etymology of the word "salad" reflects this history. It entered English in the 14th century as "salad" or "sallet" from French. This term is an abbreviated form of the Vulgar Latin term for "salted herb." This refers to the practice of seasoning vegetables with brine, which is a salt-water solution, or salty oil-and-vinegar dressings during Roman times.

Tabouleh 1
Tabouleh 1

Historical records show how salads evolved through different eras. In 1699, John Evelyn published *Acetaria: A Discourse of Sallets*, which is considered the first book dedicated to salads. Although he tried to encourage Britons to eat more fresh greens, he had little success. We also see evidence of salad culture in the 17th-century colony of New Netherland. Cargo lists from that time included items like salad oil, priced at 1.10 florins, and wine vinegar, priced at 16 florins. Even royalty participated in this tradition; Mary, Queen of Scots, was known to eat boiled celery root over greens with creamy mustard dressing and truffles.

Today, the salad industry is a massive part of the global food economy. In the United States, salad restaurants earned more than $300 million in 2014. The way people consume salads at home has also changed. In the 2010s, there was a shift away from fresh-chopped lettuce toward convenient bagged greens and salad kits. Sales for these kits were expected to reach $7 billion per year. From the buffet-style salad bars that first appeared in American English in 1937 to the fast-food chains of today, salads remain a fundamental part of modern dining and nutrition.

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