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Séance

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A séance is a gathering held to attempt communication with spirits. The term originates from the French word for a "session," which stems from the Old French word meaning "to sit." While the word has a mundane meaning in French, in English it refers specifically to meetings intended to receive messages from ghosts. During these sessions, a person known as a medium often acts as a bridge. The medium may relay messages from spirits or discourse with them. Participants gather to listen to these messages or to experience spiritual phenomena.

There are several distinct types of séances, each with its own social norms and tools. In the religion of Spiritualism, these sessions are often called "receiving messages." These services typically occur in well-lit churches or at outdoor camps, such as Lily Dale in New York or Camp Cassadaga in Florida. In the Latin American religion of Espiritismo, these sessions are referred to as "misas," or masses.

Seance, Balmain, 1939 slnsw
Seance, Balmain, 1939 slnsw

Another type is stage mediumship, where practitioners perform for an audience. Although the medium may not be seated, these performances are still categorized as séances.

Randolph-1
Randolph-1

Finally, there are informal social séances, often conducted by small groups without a religious leader.

Mediumship is the primary mechanism used to facilitate these connections. A medium attempts to receive messages from the deceased or other spirits. Some mediums remain fully conscious while acting as contacts. Others enter a trance, which is an altered state of consciousness. Trance-mediums often report having no memory of the messages they convey once they emerge.

CoraLVHatch
CoraLVHatch

Because of this, it is customary for an assistant to record their words. In leader-assisted séances, a group sits around a table in a dark room. A leader, believed to be a medium, may enter a trance to allow spirits to communicate through their body.

Various tools are used to assist in the communication process. Spirit trumpets are horn-shaped tubes used to magnify whispered spirit voices. Spirit slates consist of two chalkboards that supposedly reveal written messages when opened. Some sessions utilize séance tables that are said to rotate or levitate.

Cardboard cut out with Eva C
Cardboard cut out with Eva C

Another common method involves spirit boards, such as Ouija boards. These are flat tablets made of wood, plastic, or chipboard featuring letters and numbers. Participants place their fingers on a planchette, which is a small pointer, to spell out messages.

Cardboard cut out with Eva C
Cardboard cut out with Eva C

The history of séances includes both literary depictions and religious movements. In 1760, George, First Baron Lyttelton, published "Dialogues of the Dead," which featured fictionalized conversations with figures like Pericles and Queen Christina of Sweden. The popularity of actual séances rose with the founding of Spiritualism in the mid-nineteenth century. A notable historical example involved Mary Todd Lincoln, who organized séances in the White House to grieve her son.

Randolph-1
Randolph-1

However, the credibility of the movement was impacted in 1887 by the Seybert Commission report. This report published exposures of fraud and showmanship among secular séance leaders.

Many people hold different views regarding the validity of these practices. Scientific skeptics and atheists often view séances as scams or forms of fraud. They point to a lack of empirical evidence to support spirit communication. Famous magicians, such as Harry Houdini, worked to expose fraudulent mediums by demonstrating stage magic techniques.

Houdini as ghostbuster (performance poster)
Houdini as ghostbuster (performance poster)

Some critics suggest that the movement of a planchette is caused by the ideomotor effect. This is a theory that the subconscious mind unknowingly guides the user's hand. This allows a person to believe they are not moving the device when they actually are.

Séances connect to broader discussions regarding religion, psychology, and the paranormal. In religious contexts, they are part of the services for Spiritualist, Spiritist, and Espiritismo churches. For example, the medium Leafy Anderson focused services on the spirit of the 19th-century Sauk warrior, Black Hawk.

George Catlin - Múk-a-tah-mish-o-káh-kaik, Black Hawk, Prominent Sac Chief - 1985.66.2 - Smithsonian American Art Museum
George Catlin - Múk-a-tah-mish-o-káh-kaik, Black Hawk, Prominent Sac Chief - 1985.66.2 - Smithsonian American Art Museum

Beyond religion, the study of séances touches on the concept of the subconscious mind. It also intersects with the history of magic and the study of how humans perceive reality and the supernatural.

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🖼️ Images & Media (6)
File:George Catlin - Múk-a-tah-mish-o-káh-kaik, Black Hawk, Prominent Sac Chief - 1985.66.2 - Smithsonian American Art Museum.jpg
George Catlin -...
File:Randolph-1.jpg
Randolph-1.jpg
File:Seance, Balmain, 1939 slnsw.jpg
Seance, Balmain, 1939 slnsw.jpg
File:Cardboard cut out with Eva C.png
Cardboard cut out with Eva C.png
File:Houdini_as_ghostbuster_(performance_poster).jpg
Houdini_as_ghostbuster_(performance_poster).jpg
File:CoraLVHatch.jpg
CoraLVHatch.jpg
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