Nepedia
Back to Discover
Advanced Reader
💻

Robot

technology Maturity 11-13 Next article →

A robot is a machine capable of automatically carrying out a complex series of actions. Most robots are programmable via a computer, which allows them to follow specific instructions. While some robots are designed to look like people, most prioritize functionality over aesthetics. They are built to perform specific tasks efficiently. This field of study, which covers the design, construction, and operation of these machines, is called robotics. Robotics also involves the computer systems used for sensory feedback and information processing.

HONDA ASIMO
HONDA ASIMO

Robots function by following instructions from a control device. This device can be internal, located inside the machine, or external, located outside of it. Some robots are autonomous, meaning they can operate on their own to some degree. Others are semi-autonomous and require human guidance. To interact with the world, many robots use sensors to perceive their environment. They process this data electronically to move their physical parts or manipulate objects. This process can make a machine appear to exhibit intelligent behavior or thought.

TOPIO 3
TOPIO 3

Robots come in many different forms and types. Humanoid robots, such as Honda's ASIMO, are designed to resemble the human body. There are also industrial robots used for manufacturing, such as articulated welding robots. Medical robots assist in surgeries, while patient assist robots help in healthcare. Some machines are designed for specific environments, like UAV drones or microscopic nanorobots. Even bio-inspired robotics seeks to mimic nature, leading to the development of soft robotics.

FANUC 6-axis welding robots
FANUC 6-axis welding robots

Humans have imagined automated devices since ancient civilizations. Greek mythology tells of Talos, a bronze man who guarded Crete. In the 4th century BCE, Archytas described a steam-operated mechanical bird. Hero of Alexandria also created devices powered by hydraulics and steam. In China, the philosopher Mozi and Lu Ban reportedly built flying wooden birds in the 5th century BCE. By 1066, the inventor Su Song built a water clock with mechanical figurines.

Bulletin - United States National Museum (1959) (20481431946)
Bulletin - United States National Museum (1959) (20481431946)

During the Middle Ages and Renaissance, automation became more complex. In the 13th century, Ismail al-Jazari built a humanoid waitress that could serve drinks. Around 1495, Leonardo da Vinci sketched a mechanical humanoid capable of moving its head and arms.

Leonardo-Robot3
Leonardo-Robot3

Later, in the 18th century, Jacques de Vaucanson exhibited a mechanical duck in France. The 19th century saw the rise of remote-controlled systems. In 1877, Louis Brennan invented a torpedo guided by wires. By 1904, Leonardo Torres Quevedo demonstrated the Telekino, which controlled a tricycle remotely.

Brennan torpedo launching
Brennan torpedo launching

The modern era of robotics began with electronic and digital advancements. In 1948, William Grey Walter created the first electronic autonomous robots in Bristol, England. In 1954, George Devol built the Unimate, the first commercial digital programmable robot. In 1961, General Motors used the Unimate to lift hot metal at a plant in New Jersey. The term "robot" itself was coined in 1923 by Czech author Karel Čapek. It comes from the Czech word for forced labor or drudgery.

Capek play
Capek play

Robots serve many important roles in modern society. They replace humans in repetitive, dangerous, or extreme environments. This includes working in outer space or at the bottom of the sea. However, their rise brings concerns about technological unemployment and ethical issues in military combat. As technology advances, autonomous cars and home robotics are expected to become more common. The distinction between machines and living things continues to be explored through fields like synthetic biology.

Roomba original
Roomba original
555 words

Where will your curiosity go next?

Keep exploring at your chosen reading level.

🖼️ Images & Media (15)
File:HONDA ASIMO.jpg
HONDA ASIMO.jpg
File:FANUC 6-axis welding robots.jpg
FANUC 6-axis welding robots.jpg
File:Automatic servant of Philo of Byzantium, Kotsanas Museum of Ancient Greek Archaeology.jpg
Automatic servant of Philo of Byzantium,...
File:Bulletin - United States National Museum (1959) (20481431946).jpg
Bulletin - United States National Museum...
File:Al-Jazari - A Musical Toy.jpg
Al-Jazari - A Musical Toy.jpg
File:Leonardo-Robot3.jpg
Leonardo-Robot3.jpg
File:Brennan torpedo launching.jpg
Brennan torpedo launching.jpg
File:Bundesarchiv Bild 102-13018, Maschinenmensch "Robot".jpg
Bundesarchiv Bild 102-13018,...
File:Capek play.jpg
Capek play.jpg
Bio-inspired Big Dog quadruped robot is...
File:TOPIO 3.jpg
TOPIO 3.jpg
File:Actroid-DER 01.jpg
Actroid-DER 01.jpg

+ 3 more

More to explore

🔬 Go deeper

More advanced topics to explore

🪜 Step back

Simpler topics to build understanding

What is Nepedia?

A free, ad-free encyclopedia for children. Every article is written at five reading levels, so the same page works for a five-year-old and a fifteen-year-old — use the level switcher above to see this one change. No account needed to read.