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Robert Southey

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Robert Southey was a prominent English poet of the Romantic school.

Robert Southey (4702874)
Robert Southey (4702874)

He served as the Poet Laureate from 1813 until his death in 1843. This role meant he was the official poet for the British government. Southey was a highly prolific writer. He produced many different types of literature. These included poems, plays, biographies, and historical essays. He is perhaps most famous today for the original version of "Goldilocks and the Three Bears."

Robert Southey by Vandyke
Robert Southey by Vandyke

Southey's early life was shaped by his education and his travels. He was born on Wine Street in Bristol to Robert Southey and Margaret Hill.

Wine Street 1872
Wine Street 1872

He attended Westminster School in London. During his time there, he was expelled for writing an article in a magazine called The Flagellant. This article criticized the school for using excessive whippings. He later studied at Balliol College, Oxford. He famously remarked that he learned very little at Oxford besides swimming and boating. In 1795, he married Edith Fricker.

Matilda Betham, Portrait of Edith May Southey, 1809
Matilda Betham, Portrait of Edith May Southey, 1809

Shortly after, he traveled to Portugal and wrote the poem "Joan of Arc."

Southey was part of a famous group of writers known as the Lake Poets. This group included William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge.

In his youth, Southey was a radical. This means he supported big changes in government and society. He even worked with Coleridge to plan an idealistic community called "pantisocracy" in America. They hoped to build this society on the banks of the Susquehanna River. However, his political views changed significantly over time. He moved from radicalism toward conservatism. This meant he began to support British institutions and the established government. This shift caused tension with his former friends.

His change in politics led to many public disagreements. Some poets, like Lord Byron, accused him of abandoning his principles for money and status. Byron mocked Southey in his poem "Don Juan." Southey responded to critics through his writing. In 1821, he wrote "A Vision of Judgment" to honor King George III. This work included a preface where he attacked the "Satanic School" of poets. He was also targeted by his enemies through the publication of an old play. This play, "Wat Tyler," had been written during his radical years in 1794. His enemies published it in 1817 to embarrass him as the Poet Laureate.

Despite these conflicts, Southey remained a very busy and influential writer. He received a government pension in 1807. In 1809, he began working for the Quarterly Review. This publication provided much of his income. He was also a talented biographer. He wrote detailed lives of people like John Bunyan and Horatio Nelson. His biography of Nelson was so popular it was adapted into a film in 1926.

He also used his writing to advocate for social reform. He was an early critic of the factory system. He spoke out against the poor living conditions in towns like Manchester. He also criticized the employment of children in factories.

Southey's influence reached far beyond the borders of England. His literary work was admired by international figures. The famous Russian poet Alexander Pushkin translated parts of Southey's work. Pushkin was inspired by poems like "Madoc" and "Hymn to the Penates." Even other Romantic poets like Percy Bysshe Shelley and John Keats were influenced by his verse narratives.

Robert Southey by Vandyke
Robert Southey by Vandyke

His ability to write across many genres helped cement his place in literary history. He was a man of many contradictions, moving from a radical youth to a conservative official.

In his later years, Southey's health began to decline. He suffered from increasing dementia. This condition made his marriage to Caroline Anne Bowles difficult. He died on March 21, 1843. He was buried at Crosthwaite Church in Keswick.

His friend William Wordsworth wrote the epitaph for his memorial. Southey left behind a massive body of work that touched on politics, history, and the deep emotions of the Romantic era.

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🖼️ Images & Media (9)
File:Wine Street 1872.jpg
Wine Street 1872.jpg
File:Illustrirte Zeitung (1843) 06 016 2 Southey's Haus, Gretahof.PNG
Illustrirte Zeitung (1843) 06 016 2...
File:Matilda Betham, Portrait of Edith May Southey, 1809.jpg
Matilda Betham, Portrait of Edith May...
File:Matilda Betham, Portrait of Herbert Southey, 1809.jpg
Matilda Betham, Portrait of Herbert...
File:Robert Southey by Sir Francis Chantrey, 1832, National Portrait Gallery, London.jpg
Robert Southey by Sir Francis Chantrey,...
File:Robert Southey by Vandyke.jpg
Robert Southey by Vandyke.jpg
File:Robert Southey (4702874).jpg
Robert Southey (4702874).jpg
File:Knife-Grinder-Gillray.jpeg
Knife-Grinder-Gillray.jpeg
File:1845 Edward Hodges Baily marble bust of british poet and historian Robert Southey, Cathedral Church of the Holy and Undivided Trinity in Bristol.jpg
1845 Edward Hodges Baily marble bust of...
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