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John Dryden

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John Dryden was a dominant force in English literature during the Restoration period.

John Dryden by John Michael Wright, 1668 (detail), National Portrait Gallery, London
John Dryden by John Michael Wright, 1668 (detail), National Portrait Gallery, London

He was a poet, playwright, literary critic, and translator. In 1668, he was appointed England's first Poet Laureate. This title recognized his status as a leading writer. His influence was so great that literary circles called his era the "Age of Dryden." The writer Sir Walter Scott even referred to him as "Glorious John." Dryden's work helped shape the way English literature was written and understood.

Dryden's education provided the foundation for his complex writing style. He attended Westminster School as a King's Scholar under the headmaster Richard Busby. The curriculum at Westminster emphasized the art of rhetoric. Rhetoric is the practice of using speech and writing to present arguments effectively. Students were trained to argue both sides of a single issue. This helped Dryden develop a dialectical pattern in his own work. He also performed weekly translation assignments at school. These tasks improved his ability to assimilate and adapt different languages.

After school, Dryden attended Trinity College, Cambridge. He studied classics, rhetoric, and mathematics during his time there. In 1654, he graduated with a Bachelor of Arts at the top of his class.

Following his father's death in 1654, Dryden moved to London. He found work with John Thurloe, who was the Secretary of State for Oliver Cromwell. During this time, Dryden wrote his first important poem, "Heroic Stanzas." This poem was a eulogy for Cromwell. Later, in 1660, Dryden wrote "Astraea Redux" to celebrate the return of King Charles II. This poem helped establish his reputation as a royalist writer.

Dryden's career included many different types of writing. He wrote "occasional" poems, which were pieces written to celebrate public events. As Poet Laureate, he was required to write a certain number of these each year.

Alexander's Feast page 6
Alexander's Feast page 6

He also made a significant living through the theater. He wrote comedies, such as "Marriage à la Mode," and tragedies, like "All for Love." During the 1660s and 1670s, plays were his primary source of income. He even became a shareholder in the King's Company. However, Dryden often felt his poetic talents were better suited for other forms.

Dryden was also a skilled literary critic and satirist. He wrote "Of Dramatick Poesie," a long critical work written as a dialogue. In this work, characters debate the merits of different styles of drama.

John Dryden by Sir Godfrey Kneller, Bt
John Dryden by Sir Godfrey Kneller, Bt

He also used satire to mock his rivals. His poem "Mac Flecknoe" was a famous attack on the playwright Thomas Shadwell. Satire allowed Dryden to use poetry to highlight the ridiculous qualities of his targets. This style of writing was a major part of his professional life and public identity.

His life included moments of physical danger and political change. In 1679, Dryden was attacked by thugs in a dark alley in London.

The Hind and the Panther 1687
The Hind and the Panther 1687

He survived the incident, but no one was ever caught. Later, the Glorious Revolution changed his political standing. Because Dryden refused to take new oaths to William and Mary, he lost his official positions. He was replaced as Poet Laureate by Thomas Shadwell. This forced Dryden to rely entirely on the money he earned from his pen.

In his later years, Dryden focused heavily on translation.

VirgilDryden1716Vol2
VirgilDryden1716Vol2

He found translating old works more satisfying than writing for the stage. His most ambitious project was translating the works of the Roman poet Virgil. This massive undertaking was a national event in England. His translation of the "Aeneid" turned Virgil's 10,000 lines into 13,700 English lines. This work earned him the sum of £1,400.

Gérard Edelinck - John Dryden
Gérard Edelinck - John Dryden

By translating these ancient texts, Dryden made classical literature accessible to a new generation of English readers. He died on May 12, 1700.

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🖼️ Images & Media (8)
File:John Dryden by John Michael Wright, 1668 (detail), National Portrait Gallery, London.JPG
John Dryden by John Michael Wright, 1668...
File:John Dryden, Poet and Playwright (3959224502).jpg
John Dryden, Poet and Playwright (3959224502).jpg
File:VirgilDryden1716Vol2.jpg
VirgilDryden1716Vol2.jpg
File:Gérard Edelinck - John Dryden.JPG
Gérard Edelinck - John Dryden.JPG
File:John Dryden by Sir Godfrey Kneller, Bt.jpg
John Dryden by Sir Godfrey Kneller, Bt.jpg
File:The Hind and the Panther 1687.jpg
The Hind and the Panther 1687.jpg
File:Alexander's Feast page 6.jpg
Alexander's Feast page 6.jpg
File:Jacobite broadside - Portrait of Prince James as a young boy cropped.jpg
Jacobite broadside - Portrait of Prince...
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