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Richard Crashaw

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Richard Crashaw was a major 17th-century English poet and religious leader.

Richard Crashaw COVER Steps to the Temple 1646
Richard Crashaw COVER Steps to the Temple 1646

He is categorized as one of the significant metaphysical poets of his era. Metaphysical poetry often explores complex ideas through clever comparisons and deep reasoning. Crashaw’s work is unique because it blends intense religious faith with sensory beauty. He often drew parallels between the physical beauties of nature and spiritual truths. His writing focuses on the "secret architecture of things," looking at the small graces of life alongside profound religious concepts.

Charterhouse Hospital, engraved by Toms, c.1770.
Charterhouse Hospital, engraved by Toms, c.1770.

Crashaw’s early life was shaped by a very scholarly environment. He was born in London around 1612 or 1613. His father, William Crashaw, was a famous and wealthy Anglican clergyman. William was a powerful polemicist, which is a person who uses strong arguments to defend a position. Although William was a strict Puritan who wrote against Catholicism, he also translated Catholic poetry. This duality likely influenced Richard, who grew up reading a vast private library. This collection included works by mystics like Bernard of Clairvaux and Catherine of Siena. After his father died in 1626, Richard became an orphan at age 13 or 14.

His formal education began at the Charterhouse School from 1629 to 1631.

Pembroke College Cambridge
Pembroke College Cambridge

There, his headmaster, Robert Brooke, required students to write epigrams. An epigram is a short, pithy poem. Students wrote these in Greek and Latin based on daily chapel readings. Crashaw continued this practice at Pembroke College, Cambridge. In 1634, he published his first collection, *Epigrammatum Sacrorum Liber*, which translates to "A Book of Sacred Epigrams." He eventually earned a Bachelor of Arts in 1634 and a Master of Arts in 1638. These academic achievements provided the foundation for his career as a scholar and writer.

As he entered adulthood, Crashaw's religious views moved toward the High Church tradition. This movement, known as Laudianism, was led by Archbishop William Laud. Laudianism emphasized "beauty in holiness," which meant using decorum and decoration in church services.

Cambridge Peterhouse OldCourt
Cambridge Peterhouse OldCourt

Crashaw became a fellow at Peterhouse in 1636 and a curate at the Church of St Mary the Less in 1638. He practiced High Church rituals, such as holding late-night prayer vigils. He also decorated his chapel with relics, crucifixes, and images of the Virgin Mary. These actions made him a target for Puritans, who viewed such decorations as superstitious or "Popish."

Political and religious tensions eventually led to a period of great upheaval. During the English Civil War, which lasted from 1642 to 1651, Puritan forces gained power. In 1643, General Oliver Cromwell seized control of Cambridge.

Church of St Mary The Less, Cambridge
Church of St Mary The Less, Cambridge

Because Crashaw refused to sign the Solemn League and Covenant, he was forced to resign his fellowship. He became a refugee, fleeing England for France and eventually the Papal States in Italy. While in exile, he officially converted from Anglicanism to Roman Catholicism. This shift is reflected in his later poetry, which utilized heavy Catholic imagery.

In Italy, Crashaw found new opportunities despite his status as an exile. He served as an attendant to Cardinal Giovanni Battista Maria Pallotta in Rome. This connection helped him secure a position as a canon at the Shrine of the Holy House at Loreto in April 1649. This was a significant religious appointment, but his time there was very brief. He died suddenly only four months after receiving the position. His life was relatively short, yet his literary impact was lasting due to his unique style.

Crashaw's literary style is often compared to the Baroque movement. Baroque art and poetry are known for being grand, dramatic, and highly emotional. His work was deeply influenced by Italian and Spanish mystics. For example, he wrote sublime poems dedicated to the Spanish mystic St. Teresa of Avila. These works, such as "The Flaming Heart," show how he merged intense emotion with religious devotion. His ability to connect the physical world to the spiritual realm set him apart from many of his English contemporaries.

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File:Charterhouse Hospital, engraved by Toms, c.1770..jpg
Charterhouse Hospital, engraved by Toms,...
File:Pembroke College Cambridge.JPG
Pembroke College Cambridge.JPG
File:Cambridge Peterhouse OldCourt.JPG
Cambridge Peterhouse OldCourt.JPG
File:Church of St Mary The Less, Cambridge.jpg
Church of St Mary The Less, Cambridge.jpg
File:Richard Crashaw COVER Steps to the Temple 1646.jpg
Richard Crashaw COVER Steps to the Temple 1646.jpg
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