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Queen of Sheba

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The Queen of Sheba is a legendary figure from ancient history and religious tradition.

Bilqis Queen of Sheba Enthroned (CBL T 406.2)
Bilqis Queen of Sheba Enthroned (CBL T 406.2)

She is known by various names depending on the culture. In Arabic traditions, she is named Bilqis. In the Ge'ez language of Ethiopia, she is called Makeda. Most historians identify Sheba as a South Arabian kingdom. This kingdom was located in the region of modern-day Yemen.

LocationYemen
LocationYemen

Because archaeologists have not found physical traces of her, her existence is still a subject of debate. She remains a central figure in the cycles of legends across West Asia and Northeast Africa.

In the Hebrew Bible, the queen's story begins with a grand journey to Jerusalem.

Dura Europos Synagogue Mural Solomon Receives the Queen of Sheba Color
Dura Europos Synagogue Mural Solomon Receives the Queen of Sheba Color

She arrives with a very large retinue of followers. Her caravan includes camels carrying massive amounts of gold and precious stones. She also brings an abundance of spices. The text notes that such a great amount of spices had never been seen before. Some scholars suggest her visit may have been a formal trade mission. This is supported by a theory regarding an inscription in Jerusalem. This inscription may show trade links between South Arabia and the Kingdom of Judah during the 10th century BC.

Different religious traditions have developed unique interpretations of her life and character.

Bilqis, Queen of Sheba, painting, album, Safavid dynasty, Iran
Bilqis, Queen of Sheba, painting, album, Safavid dynasty, Iran

In Judaism, the historian Josephus described her as the queen of Egypt and Ethiopia. He claimed she brought the first specimens of balsam to the Holy Land. The Talmud contains discussions regarding her identity, with some interpretations suggesting the term refers to the kingdom itself rather than a woman. Some Jewish traditions even link her to riddles. One riddle asks about something that moves when its head is cut off. The answer provided is a tree that becomes a moving ship.

Christianity also features the queen in its teachings.

Ethiopia in its region
Ethiopia in its region

The New Testament refers to her as the "queen of the South." It describes her traveling from the farthest parts of the earth to hear the wisdom of King Solomon. Some mystical interpretations of the Song of Songs have also been linked to her. In some legends, the gifts she brought to Solomon are compared to the gifts the Magi later gave to Jesus. During the Middle Ages, some Christians even identified her with a figure named the sibyl Sabba.

Ethiopian tradition provides one of the most detailed versions of her story.

Ethiopian Chapel IMG 0574
Ethiopian Chapel IMG 0574

This is found in the Kebra Nagast, or "Glory of the Kings." This national saga was translated from Arabic in 1322. It claims that Makeda had a son named Menelik I with King Solomon. The Ethiopian dynasty claims descent from this union. A regnal list from 1922 suggests Makeda reigned from 1013 to 982 BC. This book was so vital to Ethiopian law that King John IV mentioned its importance to Queen Victoria in 1872.

In Islam, the Quran provides a narrative of her encounter with Solomon.

Hafiz - Left Side of a Double-page Illustrated Frontispiece Depicting Queen Sheba (Bilqis) Enthroned - Walters W6313A - Full Page
Hafiz - Left Side of a Double-page Illustrated Frontispiece Depicting Queen Sheba (Bilqis) Enthroned - Walters W6313A - Full Page

A bird called the hoopoe informs Solomon that a queen rules the land of Sheba. The story portrays Bilqis as a wise and diplomatic leader. She responds to Solomon's messages with careful thought and sends ambassadors. During her visit, she is amazed by a hall with a floor of smooth glass. She initially mistakes the glass for water. This encounter leads her to submit to the worship of God.

Archaeologists have searched for physical evidence of her reign in South Arabia.

Bar'an temple 1986-3
Bar'an temple 1986-3

They have excavated sites like the Awwām Temple and the Barran Temple. The Barran Temple is sometimes called the "Throne of Bilqis." However, these structures were actually dedicated to the god Almaqah. While no direct evidence connects these temples to the queen, the names remain in local folklore. The study of her story connects archaeology, linguistics, and religious history. She continues to be a powerful symbol of leadership and wisdom across many different cultures.

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🖼️ Images & Media (14)
File:Dura Europos Synagogue Mural Solomon Receives the Queen of Sheba Color.jpg
Dura Europos Synagogue Mural Solomon...
File:Ethiopian Chapel IMG 0574.JPG
Ethiopian Chapel IMG 0574.JPG
File:Cluny - Tête de la reine de Saba - Portail central Abbaye St Denis - XIIe siècle.jpg
Cluny - Tête de la reine de Saba -...
File:Bilqis, Queen of Sheba, painting, album, Safavid dynasty, Iran.jpg
Bilqis, Queen of Sheba, painting, album,...
File:Bilqis Queen of Sheba Enthroned (CBL T 406.2).jpg
Bilqis Queen of Sheba Enthroned (CBL T 406.2).jpg
File:Hafiz - Left Side of a Double-page Illustrated Frontispiece Depicting Queen Sheba (Bilqis) Enthroned - Walters W6313A - Full Page.jpg
Hafiz - Left Side of a Double-page...
File:Stele Iglum Louvre AO1029.jpg
Stele Iglum Louvre AO1029.jpg
File:Bar'an temple 1986-3.jpg
Bar'an temple 1986-3.jpg
File:LocationYemen.png
LocationYemen.png
File:Ethiopia in its region.svg
Ethiopia in its region.svg
File:Zenobia.jpg
Zenobia.jpg
File:Saabaghiberti.jpg
Saabaghiberti.jpg

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