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Ploceidae

life science Maturity 5-7 Next article →

Ploceidae is a large family of small passerine birds.

Weaver bird
Weaver bird

Many people call these birds weavers, weaverfinches, or bishops. These names describe their incredible ability to weave vegetation into complex nests. The family is a clade, which is a group of organisms that includes a common ancestor. Most modern classifications exclude certain sparrows that were once part of this group. The family includes the monotypic subfamily Amblyospizinae. These birds are native to the Old World. Most species live in Africa south of the Sahara. A small number live in tropical areas of Asia.

Madagascar fody (Foudia madagascariensis)
Madagascar fody (Foudia madagascariensis)

The process of nest building is a central part of their lives.

Quelea erythrops -South Africa -building nest-8
Quelea erythrops -South Africa -building nest-8

Weavers use various materials like grass, twigs, and fine leaf fibers. The construction techniques vary greatly between different species. Some birds weave very fine nests using thin strands of leaf fiber. Other species, such as the buffalo-weavers, build massive and untidy nests made of sticks.

Red-billed Buffalo Weaver
Red-billed Buffalo Weaver

The sociable weaver builds a unique structure that resembles an apartment house. In these nests, 100 to 300 pairs live in separate, flask-shaped chambers. These chambers are entered through tubes at the bottom of the nest.

Sociable weaver (Philetairus socius)
Sociable weaver (Philetairus socius)

There are many different types of weavers within this family. The family contains 16 genera and a total of 122 species. One genus is Ploceus, which contains many species like the village weaver and the Baya weaver. Another genus is Euplectes, which includes various bishops and widowbirds. The genus Malimbus contains several species of malimbes. Some birds, like the sparrow-weavers in the genus Plocepasser, live in family units. These units use a system called cooperative breeding to raise their young.

Speckle-fronted Weaver RWD4
Speckle-fronted Weaver RWD4

History shows us how scientists have organized these birds over time. The Swedish zoologist Carl Jakob Sundevall introduced the family Ploceidae in 1836. We believe the family originated during the mid-Miocene epoch. Phylogenetic studies suggest their common ancestor lived about 18 million years ago. This ancestor was also the ancestor of the families Viduidae and Estrildidae. In 2017 and 2019, Thilina de Silva and collaborators conducted molecular phylogenetic studies. These studies used DNA to show that the genus Ploceus is polyphyletic. This means the members of that genus do not all share a single immediate common ancestor.

Black-headed weaver (Ploceus cucullatus bohndorffi) male
Black-headed weaver (Ploceus cucullatus bohndorffi) male

Physical traits help identify members of the Ploceidae family. Most of these birds are seed-eaters with rounded, conical bills.

The males of many species are very brightly colored. They often display shades of red, yellow, and black. Some species only show these bright colors during the breeding season. Many weaver species are gregarious, meaning they like to live in groups. They often breed in colonies for better protection. They might build several nests together on a single branch.

Red-headed Weaver male RWD
Red-headed Weaver male RWD

Certain species have a significant impact on the world around them. The red-billed quelea is a notable example. It is reputed to be the most numerous bird in the world. Because they eat seeds, these birds can sometimes cause damage to crops.

Euplectes progne male South Africa cropped
Euplectes progne male South Africa cropped

You can often find weaver colonies living near bodies of water. Their social behavior and nesting habits make them a fascinating subject for study. The way they use their environment to build homes is truly remarkable.

The study of Ploceidae connects to many different fields of science. Their nesting habits provide insights into animal behavior and social structures. The study of their DNA helps scientists understand evolutionary history and phylogeny. Their impact on agriculture connects them to human studies and ecology. By looking at how these birds live, we learn more about the complex systems of the natural world.

Black-capped Social-Weaver - Samburu - Kenya S4E5139 (22836895922)
Black-capped Social-Weaver - Samburu - Kenya S4E5139 (22836895922)
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🖼️ Images & Media (15)
File:Red-billed Buffalo Weaver.jpg
Red-billed Buffalo Weaver.jpg
File:Dinemellia dinemelli.jpg
Dinemellia dinemelli.jpg
File:Plocepasser mahali -Baringo Lake, Kenya -male-8.jpg
Plocepasser mahali -Baringo Lake, Kenya...
File:Weaver bird.jpg
Weaver bird.jpg
File:Black-capped Social-Weaver - Samburu - Kenya S4E5139 (22836895922).jpg
Black-capped Social-Weaver - Samburu -...
File:Sociable weaver (Philetairus socius).jpg
Sociable weaver (Philetairus socius).jpg
File:Speckle-fronted Weaver RWD4.jpg
Speckle-fronted Weaver RWD4.jpg
File:Amblyospiza albifrons, w, vreet netel-dopvrugte, a, Skeerpoort.jpg
Amblyospiza albifrons, w, vreet...
File:Black-headed weaver (Ploceus cucullatus bohndorffi) male.jpg
Black-headed weaver (Ploceus cucullatus...
File:Compact Weaver - Kibale - Uganda 06 4363 (22432186368).jpg
Compact Weaver - Kibale - Uganda 06 4363...
File:Crested Malimbe - Kakum - Ghana S4E1412 (22229307983).jpg
Crested Malimbe - Kakum - Ghana S4E1412...
File:Quelea erythrops -South Africa -building nest-8.jpg
Quelea erythrops -South Africa -building...

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