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Playing card

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A playing card is a specialized piece of material used for gaming and entertainment. These cards are constructed from various substrates like heavy paper, thin cardboard, or cotton-paper blends. Modern versions often utilize plastic coatings or thin plastic to improve durability.

AcetoFive
AcetoFive

Most cards are designed to be palm-sized for convenient handling during play. They are typically sold in sets known as a deck or a pack. While primarily used for games, cards also serve roles in magic tricks, cardistry, and building card houses. People also collect them as artistic works or for their monetary value.

Each card features a distinct front, called the face, and a patterned back. The reverse side often uses a dense pattern to prevent players from seeing through translucent material. This design ensures players cannot identify cards by minor scratches or marks on the back.

Mamluk kanjifah cards
Mamluk kanjifah cards

Most Western decks follow the French-suited pattern, which is a standard 52-card deck. The English pattern is the most widespread, followed by the Belgian-Genoese pattern. However, many nations maintain traditional styles, such as German, Italian, Spanish, or Swiss-suited decks.

The history of playing cards likely began in China during the Tang dynasty around the 9th century. This era saw the rise of woodblock printing technology, which may have enabled card production. Some historians suggest that playing cards and dominoes both evolved from ancient numbered dice.

Ming Dynasty playing card, c. 1400
Ming Dynasty playing card, c. 1400

A 9th-century text by Su E mentions a "leaf game," though its direct connection to cards is debated. By the Ming dynasty, a trick-taking game called madiao was well-established. This game used 38 "money cards" divided into four specific suits. These included coins, strings of coins, myriads, and tens of myriads.

Playing cards eventually spread across Asia and reached Egypt by the 11th century. The oldest surviving fragments date to the 12th and 13th centuries from the Mamluk period.

Mamluk kanjifah cards
Mamluk kanjifah cards

A significant 15th-century Mamluk pack was discovered in Istanbul in 1939. This pack contained 52 cards organized into four suits: polo-sticks, coins, swords, and cups. The court cards included the malik (king), the nā'ib malik (viceroy), and the thānī nā'ib (under-deputy). Interestingly, the word "Kanjifah" appears in Arabic on the king of swords. This term is still used in parts of the Middle East to describe modern cards.

From Egypt, playing cards likely entered Europe through maritime trade, specifically reaching Catalonia by 1371.

Seme coppe carte spagnole
Seme coppe carte spagnole

Early European records include a 1367 ban in Bern and a 1377 Florentine ban. As they spread, the Mamluk polo-stick suit was often transformed into batons or cudgels. This was because polo was an obscure sport to many Europeans at the time. Many traditional Latin decks still reflect these ancient Mamluk influences. Even the term "naipes" in Spanish is derived from the word for deputy, nā'ib.

Across different cultures, card structures often share a similar logic. Many suits consist of twelve cards, featuring two court cards and ten pip cards.

Knave of coins - Italy 2 deck
Knave of coins - Italy 2 deck

Some specialized decks, like the Indian Ganjifa, can contain up to 8 suits for a 96-card deck. In many of these systems, half of the suits use a reverse ranking for their pip cards. This means the numerical order of the cards is flipped. Such patterns are found in various traditions, including the Japanese hanafuda and Chinese money-suited cards.

Today, the world of playing cards is incredibly diverse and specialized. Decks are custom-produced for professional casinos, competitive players, and magicians using trick decks. They also serve as educational tools, promotional items, or branded accessories.

Tarockkarten in der Hand eines Spielers
Tarockkarten in der Hand eines Spielers

Some people use Tarot cards for divination, such as cartomancy. Others engage in cardistry, which focuses on the visual manipulation of the cards. Whether used for a high-stakes game or a simple hobby, playing cards remain a global cultural staple.

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🖼️ Images & Media (39)
File:AcetoFive.JPG
AcetoFive.JPG
File:Tarockkarten in der Hand eines Spielers.jpg
Tarockkarten in der Hand eines Spielers.jpg
File:Bavarian pack-Suit of Bells.jpg
Bavarian pack-Suit of Bells.jpg
File:Ming Dynasty playing card, c. 1400.jpg
Ming Dynasty playing card, c. 1400.jpg
File:Mamluk kanjifah cards.png
Mamluk kanjifah cards.png
File:Knave of coins - Italy 2 deck.png
Knave of coins - Italy 2 deck.png
File:Pietro_Longhi_-_Card_Players_-_KMSst426_-_Statens_Museum_for_Kunst.jpg
Pietro_Longhi_-_Card_Players_-_KMSst426_-_...
File:Portuguese-style Maltese card game with dragons. Ace of Coins.jpg
Portuguese-style Maltese card game with...
File:Girl with Cards by Lucius Kutchin, 1933.jpg
Girl with Cards by Lucius Kutchin, 1933.jpg
File:Imperial Bower.png
Imperial Bower.png
File:Nintendo former headquarter plate Kyoto.jpg
Nintendo former headquarter plate Kyoto.jpg
File:Seme coppe carte trevisane.svg
Seme coppe carte trevisane.svg

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