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Plant nursery

life science Maturity 5-7 Next article →

A plant nursery is a controlled environment designed for the propagation and growth of plants.

Cutchogue - Oregon Road - Plant Nursery
Cutchogue - Oregon Road - Plant Nursery

These facilities are essential for various sectors, including gardening, forestry, and conservation biology. Unlike large-scale agriculture, nurseries focus on growing plants to a specific, desired size or stage of development. They provide the foundational material needed to restore forests, stock zoos, or decorate urban parks. A person who owns or operates such a facility is known as a nurseryman.

Nurseries are categorized by who they serve and how they operate. Retail nurseries sell plants directly to the general public for home use. Wholesale nurseries operate on a larger scale to sell to businesses, such as landscapers or other nurseries. Some are private nurseries that supply specific institutions or large estates. Within these categories, some facilities specialize in specific plant types, such as shade plants or rock garden plants. Others may focus on producing bulk stock, like grafted trees for orchards or timber for forestry.

Orchid plants
Orchid plants

The process of creating new plants is called propagation. This can involve starting life from seeds or using more advanced methods like tissue culture. Workers also use cuttings, which are small pieces taken from roots or shoot tips, to grow new individuals. Another method is grafting, where parts of different plants are joined together. Once propagated, plants are grown in various environments. They might grow in open fields, in tunnels, or inside greenhouses. Container fields are often used for small trees and shrubs to ensure they receive proper sunlight and ventilation.

Treenursery using gutters
Treenursery using gutters

Successful nursery production requires precise management of environmental factors. Irrigation is a critical component because water needs vary by species and weather. In regions like Ontario, irrigation is most intensive during late spring and summer. This is often when rainfall is at its lowest. Nurseries may use drip irrigation or overhead irrigation to deliver water. To ensure a steady supply, some nurseries build manmade ponds or dams. Water quality is also vital, so workers must test for pH levels and various chemicals.

Nursery of apricot seedlings
Nursery of apricot seedlings

Landscape topography and soil health are equally important for a healthy crop. A nursery site is best when it has a gentle slope of only 1 to 2 degrees. If the slope exceeds 5 degrees, the site becomes susceptible to soil erosion. To prevent this, workers might use erosion prevention structures like rip rap. Soil must also have high nutrient-holding capacity and good drainage. To test drainage, a worker can dig an 18-inch deep hole and measure how quickly water drains. If the water level drops by more than one inch, the soil is considered to drain quickly.

Preparing plants for the outdoor environment is a delicate process called conditioning. This helps the plants withstand the stresses of being outplanted. One method involves root pruning and wrenching to modify the plant's physical structure. While some studies on spruce trees show these methods change height and bud size, they do not always improve survival. Another vital part of preparation is hardening off to increase frost hardiness. This process ensures that seedlings can survive freezing temperatures after they leave the controlled nursery environment.

Scientists measure frost hardiness using specific metrics to prevent catastrophic loss. One common measurement is the LT50, which is the lethal temperature for 50% of a plant population. In Ontario, researchers use electrical conductivity to test how much electrolyte leaks from plant tips when frozen. This helps determine when plants are ready for the outdoors. For example, a frost hardiness level of -15 °C indicates container stock is ready to move outside. A level of -40 °C determines if plants are ready for frozen storage.

Treenursery using gutters
Treenursery using gutters

The scale of nursery production is immense and has a significant global impact. In the United States alone, tree nurseries produce approximately 1.3 billion seedlings every year. These seedlings are primarily used for massive reforestation projects. By managing soil fertility with nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, nurseries can optimize growth much more easily than in a natural forest. This controlled science allows for the massive replenishment of natural ecosystems through highly efficient, specialized production systems.

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🖼️ Images & Media (4)
File:Cutchogue - Oregon Road - Plant Nursery.jpg
Cutchogue - Oregon Road - Plant Nursery.jpg
File:Orchid plants.jpg
Orchid plants.jpg
File:Treenursery using gutters.jpg
Treenursery using gutters.jpg
File:Nursery of apricot seedlings.jpg
Nursery of apricot seedlings.jpg
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