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Transplanting

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Transplanting is the agricultural technique of moving a plant from one location to another.

Olive Trees Transplant Program
Olive Trees Transplant Program

This process often begins by starting a plant from a seed in optimal conditions. These conditions are usually found in a greenhouse or a protected nursery bed. Once the plant is strong, it is replanted in an outdoor growing location. This method is very common in market gardening and truck farming. In these industries, the terms "setting out" or "planting out" are synonymous with transplanting. While it is a helpful tool, it can be risky for certain ornamental plants. If not done carefully, the process carries a significant risk of killing the plant.

Growers use transplanting for several specific biological advantages. First, it allows them to extend the growing season by starting plants indoors before outdoor conditions are favorable. Second, it protects young plants from diseases and pests until they are sufficiently established. Third, it helps avoid germination problems that might occur with direct seeding. However, the primary concern in all cases is avoiding transplant shock. Transplant shock is the stress or damage a plant receives during the move. To prevent this, plants often need a period of acclimatization called hardening off. Minimizing root disturbance is also a vital step in ensuring the plant survives.

There are two main ways to produce transplants: containerized and non-containerized. Containerized transplants, also called plugs, allow plants to be moved with their roots and soil intact. These are grown in various holders like peat pots, soil blocks, or paper pots. They can also be grown in plastic packs with four to twelve cells or larger styrofoam plug trays. Non-containerized transplants are grown in greenhouse ground beds, benches, or outdoor in-ground beds. These plants are often pulled with bare roots for transplanting. While bare-root plants are less expensive, they often have lower yields because they struggle to reestablish themselves.

Containerized planting stock is classified by the specific type and size of the container used. Some systems are designed so the container is planted directly into the ground with the tree. Examples of these include the tar paper pot, the Alberta peat sausage, and the Walters square bullet. Other systems use molded blocks of growing medium, such as Polyloam, Tree Start, or BR-8 Blocks. In the forestry industry, containerized white spruce stock is now the standard. The shape of the container matters for growth. For instance, white spruce grown in a container with a 1:1 height-to-diameter ratio produced significantly more dry weight than those in 3:1 or 6:1 configurations.

In British Columbia, the way people grow white spruce has changed significantly due to container technology.

Transplanting 104z
Transplanting 104z

The BC-CFS Styroblock plug, developed around 1969 or 1970, is now the dominant stock type. The size of these plugs is indicated by a three-figure designation. The first figure represents the top diameter, and the next two figures represent the depth in centimeters. Data shows a massive shift in the types of plugs ordered. In 1981, orders for small PSB211 plugs, which are 2 cm wide and 11 cm long, reached 14,246,000. By 1990, those orders dropped to zero. Meanwhile, orders for larger PSB415 plugs, which are 4 cm wide and 15 cm long, grew from 257,000 to 41,008,000.

Temperature control is a critical factor in the success of transplanting conifer seedlings. Many of these seedlings are kept in frozen storage at approximately -2 °C for long periods. Before they are planted, they are often moved to cool storage to thaw the root plug. This cool storage should ideally be kept between 1 °C and 2 °C with relative humidity over 90%. Refrigerator vans used for transport typically maintain temperatures between 2 °C and 4 °C. It is important to avoid using dry ice, or solid carbon dioxide, for cooling. High concentrations of gaseous carbon dioxide can disrupt the respiration and water transport within the seedlings.

Managing the transition from storage to the field requires careful timing and environment. While some studies suggest that planting frozen seedlings can work, others focus on the benefits of thawing. For example, thawing can prevent a loss of contact between the plug and the soil that might happen if the plug shrinks during melting. However, researchers have noted that cool storage can sometimes have negative effects on seedling health. This is because the rate of respiration is faster during cool storage than during frozen storage. This faster respiration can deplete the plant's carbohydrate reserves more quickly. Therefore, maintaining the correct temperature and humidity is essential for the plant's survival.

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File:Olive Trees Transplant Program.jpg
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