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Peter Force

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Peter Force was a multifaceted figure in 19th-century American life. He served as a politician, a newspaper editor, and a printer. Most importantly, he was a dedicated archivist and early American historian.

Peter Force, 1815
Peter Force, 1815

An archivist is a person who collects and preserves historical records. Force amassed a vast collection of books, manuscripts, and original maps. His collection included materials from statesmen and military officers of the American Revolution. This collection was one of the most extensive ever gathered.

Force’s career began in the printing trade in New York City. He learned the craft and worked for William A. Davis. By the age of sixteen, Force was already a director in the office. In 1815, he moved to Washington, D.C., at age twenty-five. He became a partner in a small congressional printing plant. This plant used only four single-pull, wooden hand presses. These machines were sufficient to handle all government printing work in 1816.

His interest in history was deeply personal. His father, William Force, was a soldier in the Revolutionary War. This family connection inspired Peter to study the past. Force became a leader in several professional organizations. He joined the New York Typographical Society in 1812. He was elected its president at only twenty-two years old. He also served as the president of the Columbian Institute for the Promotion of Arts and Sciences.

Force was also a significant political leader in Washington, D.C. He was a member of the Whig Party. He supported John Quincy Adams for the presidency in 1824. Force served on the City Council and the Board of Aldermen. He was elected Mayor of Washington, D.C., in 1836 and again in 1838. Although he lost a mayoral election in 1848, he remained an influential figure. He later became the president of the National Institute for the Promotion of Science.

As an editor, Force published several important works. He published the National Calendar from 1820 to 1836. He also published the National Journal between 1823 and 1830. This journal became the official newspaper during the Adams presidency. From 1820 to 1828, he also published the Biennial Register. This was the official directory of the United States government. He even received a U.S. patent for a color printing method in 1822.

Force’s greatest legacy lies in his historical publications. He published "Tracts and Other Papers" between 1836 and 1846. This work focused on the settlement and progress of the American colonies. He also produced the "American Archives," a nine-volume collection. These volumes contained vital documents from the years 1774 to 1776.

Peter Force, book cover, 1886, Origin, Settlement and Progress
Peter Force, book cover, 1886, Origin, Settlement and Progress

His method was unique among historians. He believed in leaving raw documents exactly as they were written. He refused to change grammar or alter meanings to suit his own views.

He also helped shape the Library of Congress. In 1856, he served on a committee to approve a Geographical Department. At that time, the library lacked an adequate collection of maps. Force provided many of his own rare and original maps to this new department. During the American Civil War, he took on a diplomatic role. The Lincoln administration sent him to Europe to stabilize relations with France and England. He worked to prevent these nations from aiding the Confederacy.

Force’s life was connected to the major events of his era. While he worked in diplomacy, his son, Manning Force, served in the military. Manning rose to the rank of major general during the Civil War.

Peter Force, elder
Peter Force, elder

Even during the war, Force protected his work. A Union colonel offered to hide Force’s library from potential Confederate attacks. Force declined the offer, choosing to keep his collection with him. He remained a vital link to America's founding history until his death in 1868.

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File:Peter Force, book cover, 1886, Origin, Settlement and Progress.jpg
Peter Force, book cover, 1886, Origin,...
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