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Peking duck

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Peking duck is a celebrated dish from Beijing, China. It is a masterpiece of Chinese gourmet cuisine. The dish is famous for its thin, crispy skin.

Peking Duck 1
Peking Duck 1

Many people view it as a vital cultural experience. It represents a long tradition of skill and culinary art. This dish has become a symbol of China for many international visitors.

The preparation of the duck is a precise, multi-step process. First, the duck is plucked, eviscerated, and rinsed.

Dry for 5 hours cropped
Dry for 5 hours cropped

A cook pumps air under the skin through the neck cavity. This step separates the skin from the underlying fat. Next, the duck is blanched in boiling water for two to three minutes. It is then hung up to dry to tighten the skin.

Dry for 5 hours cropped
Dry for 5 hours cropped

The duck is glazed with syrup, honey, and soy sauce. It also receives a marinade of five-spice powder and maltose. Finally, the duck stands for 24 hours in a cool, dry place before roasting.

There are two primary roasting methods used by specialists. The first is the closed-oven style, known as mènlú.

Quanjude Oven
Quanjude Oven

This method is used by the famous Bianyifang restaurant. The brick oven is preheated using Gaoliang sorghum straw. The duck cooks via heat convection once the fire dies down. This makes the meat juicy and tender. The second method is the open-oven style, or gāguǒ.

Quanjude Oven
Quanjude Oven

This was developed in imperial kitchens during the Qing dynasty. Chefs hang ducks on hooks above a fire of peach or pear wood. They may use a pole to move ducks closer to the heat. This method creates a very crispy skin as the fat melts.

History shows that duck roasting in China dates back to the Southern and Northern dynasties. The dish was known as "shāo yāzi" in the 1330 manual by Hu Sihui. He was an inspector of the imperial kitchen during the Yuan dynasty. By the Ming dynasty, it was a staple on imperial court menus. The restaurant Bianyifang opened in Beijing in 1416. Later, the Quanjude restaurant was established in 1864. Yang Quanren, the founder of Quanjude, developed the hung oven technique.

Modern production involves different types of ducks. Traditionally, ducks were raised in Nanjing and transported by barge. Today, many farmers use newer broiler-type breeds. These breeds mature in 40 days and reach a specific weight without force-feeding. As of 2021, at least 95% of ducks in Beijing do not require force-feeding. This change helps reduce animal suffering and saves human labor. One laborer can raise 5,000 non-force-fed ducks compared to only 500 force-fed ones. Two main breeds exist: a fatty breed for traditional taste and a leaner breed for younger palates.

Serving the duck is a ritual performed in three distinct stages.

Quanjude roastduck
Quanjude roastduck

First, the chef carves the duck in front of the diners. The crispy skin is served first with sugar or sweet bean sauce. Second, the meat is served with steamed pancakes, cucumber, and spring onion. Diners wrap the ingredients into the pancakes by hand or with chopsticks.

Peking Duck 1
Peking Duck 1

Third, the remaining carcass, or yājià, is served. It can be made into a broth with tofu and cabbage. It can also be stir-fried with sweet bean sauce or salt and pepper.

Peking duck has played a role in significant diplomatic history. In July 1971, U.S. Secretary of State Henry Kissinger visited Beijing. He met Premier Zhou Enlai at the Great Hall of the People. After a morning of talks, the delegation ate Peking duck for lunch. It became Kissinger's favorite meal. This visit helped lead to President Richard Nixon's 1972 trip to China. Many other leaders, such as Fidel Castro and Helmut Kohl, have also enjoyed the dish.

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File:Quanjude Oven.jpg
Quanjude Oven.jpg
File:Dry for 5 hours cropped.jpg
Dry for 5 hours cropped.jpg
File:Quanjude roastduck.JPG
Quanjude roastduck.JPG
File:Peking Duck 1.jpg
Peking Duck 1.jpg
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