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Parachute

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A parachute is a specialized device designed to slow an object's descent through an atmosphere. It achieves this by creating drag, which is the resistance encountered when an object moves through air. The device also utilizes aerodynamic lift to counteract gravity. This mechanism is essential for safely supporting people exiting aircraft at high altitudes. Beyond human use, parachutes serve many critical roles in science and logistics. They slow heavy cargo during drops and assist in the recovery of space capsules on Earth. They are even used to land spacecraft on other planets.

The physics of a parachute rely on the interaction between the canopy and the air. When a parachute opens, its large surface area catches air molecules. This contact creates drag, which acts in the opposite direction of the fall. This force pushes upward against the downward pull of gravity. To manage this descent, different shapes are used to control stability. Some designs are dome-shaped, while others are rectangular or inverted domes. To prevent the parachute from shaking violently, a vent can be added to the canopy. This vent allows some air to pass through, which helps eliminate oscillations.

3Ring release animation
3Ring release animation

Parachutes have evolved through many distinct stages of design and material. Early versions were quite heavy and rigid. They often consisted of linen fabric stretched tightly over a wooden frame. In the late 1790s, inventors began using folded silk. Silk was a major advancement because it was both lightweight and very strong. By the mid-20th century, modern parachutes transitioned to using durable nylon. This material allowed for even more reliable and compact designs. Today, we see various specialized types, including the knapsack parachute and the drogue parachute.

First parachute2
First parachute2

The history of the parachute began with early attempts at flight. In AD 852, Armen Firman in Córdoba, Spain, attempted to slow a fall using a large cloak. While he did not fly, the air in the cloak's folds prevented great injury. During the Renaissance, inventors began sketching purposeful designs. In the 1470s, Francesco di Giorgio Martini drew a conical canopy attached to a crossbar frame. Leonardo da Vinci later sketched a pyramidal design in his Codex Atlanticus. This design used a square wooden frame to hold the canopy open. These early concepts laid the groundwork for modern aeronautics.

Conical Parachute, 1470s, British Museum Add. MSS 34,113, fol. 200v
Conical Parachute, 1470s, British Museum Add. MSS 34,113, fol. 200v

Significant milestones occurred during the 18th and 19th centuries. French inventor Louis-Sébastien Lenormand made the first recorded public jump in 1783. In 1785, he coined the term "parachute." He combined the Italian prefix "para," meaning to defend or resist, with the French word "chute," meaning a fall. In 1797, André Garnerin performed the first descent using a frameless silk parachute. Later, in 1907, Charles Broadwick introduced the backpack-style parachute. This design allowed the device to be folded into a pack. He used a static line attached to a balloon to pull the parachute out.

Early flight 02561u (4)
Early flight 02561u (4)

Technological leaps continued into the 20th century with new applications. In 1911, Gleb Kotelnikov invented the knapsack parachute. In 1912, he also demonstrated the braking effects of a parachute by attaching one to a moving automobile. This led to the invention of the drogue parachute, which helps slow high-speed objects. During World War I, parachutes became essential for artillery observers in tethered balloons. These observers used parachutes to escape dangerous situations if their balloons were attacked. By 1912, Albert Berry made the first parachute jump from a fixed-wing aircraft in the United States.

Gleb Kotelnikov
Gleb Kotelnikov

Today, the impact of parachute technology is visible across many fields. In the military, paratroopers use advanced equipment to deploy from large aircraft.

In recreational settings, skydiving has become a popular sport. For space agencies, parachutes are vital for returning astronauts to Earth. They help capsules descend safely to splash down in the ocean.

Apollo 15 descends to splashdown
Apollo 15 descends to splashdown

From ancient cloaks to high-tech nylon, the parachute remains a fundamental tool for navigating the atmosphere.

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🖼️ Images & Media (18)
File:Bangladesh Air Force (BAF) paratroopers jump from a U.S. Air Force C-130 Hercules aircraft over Bangladesh during exercise Cope South 14 Nov. 10, 2013 131110-F-SI013-240.jpg
Bangladesh Air Force (BAF) paratroopers...
File:Conical Parachute, 1470s, British Museum Add. MSS 34,113, fol. 200v.jpg
Conical Parachute, 1470s, British Museum...
File:Homo Volans.jpg
Homo Volans.jpg
File:Early flight 02561u (3).jpg
Early flight 02561u (3).jpg
File:Early flight 02561u (4).jpg
Early flight 02561u (4).jpg
File:First parachute2.jpg
First parachute2.jpg
File:FirstParachute.png
FirstParachute.png
File:Gleb Kotelnikov.jpg
Gleb Kotelnikov.jpg
File:Albert Berry parachute.jpg
Albert Berry parachute.jpg
File:Photography Q27506.jpg
Photography Q27506.jpg
File:Ben Turner making a parachute jump 1938.jpg
Ben Turner making a parachute jump 1938.jpg
File:USMC Paratrooper.jpg
USMC Paratrooper.jpg

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