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Paragliding

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Paragliding is a recreational and competitive adventure sport involving flight with a paraglider.

PARAGLIDING2019
PARAGLIDING2019

A paraglider is a lightweight, free-flying, foot-launched aircraft. It has no rigid primary structure like the metal frames found in airplanes. Instead, the pilot flies using a fabric wing called a canopy. The pilot sits in a harness or a cocoon-like pod suspended below this wing. Although paragliders do not use engines, they can stay aloft for many hours. Pilots can cover hundreds of kilometres by skillfully exploiting sources of lift. These sources allow pilots to climb to altitudes of several thousand metres.

A paraglider gets ready to depart from Mont Saleve over Lac Leman and Geneve
A paraglider gets ready to depart from Mont Saleve over Lac Leman and Geneve

The mechanism of flight relies on aerodynamics and air pressure. The wing shape is maintained by suspension lines and air pressure. The canopy is a ram-air airfoil consisting of two layers of fabric. These layers are connected by internal ribs to form a row of cells. Air enters vents at the leading edge to inflate these cells. This process creates a teardrop-shaped cross-section known as an aerofoil.

Parapente3D
Parapente3D

Most modern wings use a sharknose design to increase stability. In this design, the inflation opening is slightly behind the front of the wing. This concave shape helps the wing resist stalling. Semi-flexible rods made of plastic or nitinol may also be used to stabilize the profile. The pilot is connected to the wing by a network of suspension lines. These lines attach to risers, which are made of strong webbing. The risers connect to the harness via metal carabiners.

Paraglider
Paraglider

Paragliding equipment is categorized into several distinct types based on use. Harnesses vary significantly to suit different flying styles. Open harnesses are used for training beginners or general flying. Pod harnesses are aerodynamic and offer more stability for long-distance cross-country flights. However, they increase the risk of riser twist and are not for beginners. Acro harnesses are designed for acrobatic flying and can hold multiple reserve parachutes. There are also lightweight hike and fly harnesses designed for portability.

Gurtzeug (Gleitschirm)
Gurtzeug (Gleitschirm)

Tandem paragliders are larger wings designed to carry both a pilot and a passenger. These wings fly faster and are more resistant to collapse than solo wings. They do, however, have a higher sink rate.

The history of the sport is a journey of combining different inventions. In 1954, Walter Neumark predicted that pilots would eventually launch from cliffs. In 1961, Pierre Lemongine developed improved parachute designs called the Para-Commander. This design could be towed and steered, leading to parasailing. In 1963, Domina Jalbert patented a multi-cell ram-air parafoil. This device used an aerofoil-shaped cell structure inflated by passing through the air. In 1978, Jean-Claude Bétemps, André Bohn, and Gérard Bosson combined these developments in France. They inspired the term parapente, which is French for slope.

Paraglider towed launch
Paraglider towed launch

Since its inception, the sport has achieved significant global scale. The first official FAI World Paragliding Championship was held in 1989 in Kössen, Austria.

MG - Pico da Ibituruna - Governador Valadares
MG - Pico da Ibituruna - Governador Valadares

Europe has seen the most growth, with France alone having over 25,000 active pilots in 2011. The sport is also highly portable compared to other aviation. A complete kit can be folded into a stuffsack and carried in a rucksack. Modern competition wings have a glide ratio of approximately 11.3. Some specialized competition models have reached a ratio of 13.6. This is much higher than a standard skydiving parachute, which has a 3:1 ratio.

Pilots use several specialized instruments to navigate and maintain altitude. A variometer is a vital tool for every pilot. It helps the pilot locate the "core" of a thermal, which is rising warm air. The variometer indicates when the pilot is in rising air or sinking air. This allows the pilot to maximize height gain.

Accélérateur parapente
Accélérateur parapente

Many pilots also use GNSS units for navigation and radios for communication. Since 2003, some pilots have even used smart glasses with head-up displays. These tools allow the pilot to monitor flight data without looking away from the sky.

Paragliding connects human skill with the complex systems of the atmosphere. It is a sport that relies on understanding wind and lift. Pilots must manage their speed using a speedbar or trimmers. Without these, the wing flies at its trim speed, which is usually the best glide ratio. The sport is constantly evolving through new technology and research. For example, feasibility studies began in 2022 for paragliding above 8,000 metres in Nepal. This would allow flight from the highest starting altitudes on Earth.

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🖼️ Images & Media (24)
File:MG - Pico da Ibituruna - Governador Valadares.jpg
MG - Pico da Ibituruna - Governador Valadares.jpg
File:PARAGLIDING2019.jpg
PARAGLIDING2019.jpg
File:Paraglider Golden Gardens 07.jpg
Paraglider Golden Gardens 07.jpg
File:Paraglider.svg
Paraglider.svg
File:Parapente3D.svg
Parapente3D.svg
File:Gurtzeug (Gleitschirm).jpg
Gurtzeug (Gleitschirm).jpg
File:A paraglider gets ready to depart from Mont Saleve over Lac Leman and Geneve.jpg
A paraglider gets ready to depart from...
File:Paraglider towed launch.jpg
Paraglider towed launch.jpg
Paraglider launch Mam Tor.webm
Parapente.ogg
Mussel Rock Gliding Bluffs - Pacifica,...
File:A paraglider flies above Lac Leman and Geneva with the Jet DEau seen.jpg
A paraglider flies above Lac Leman and...

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