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Paper plane

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A paper plane is a toy aircraft often used as a glider.

Papierflieger -- 2021 -- 7215
Papierflieger -- 2021 -- 7215

Most are made from a single sheet of paper or paperboard. They often take the shape of a nose-heavy triangle. These planes are thrown through the air like darts. Making them is a blend of art, science, and fun. They serve as tools for entertainment and education. Students use them to explore physics and engineering. This hands-on approach makes complex ideas easier to understand.

To understand flight, one must study four fundamental forces. These forces are lift, thrust, drag, and weight. Enthusiasts manipulate these forces through different folding techniques. By changing the design, they control flight characteristics. Some planes are built for distance or stability. Others are designed for agility or aerobatics. Some models focus on time aloft, or how long they stay in the air. Designers must balance these forces to achieve their specific goals.

Paper planes have a long history. An American children's book from 1864 describes their construction. In 1924, the scientist Ludwig Prandtl built a model at a banquet. He once used a paper menu to make a model. It landed on a French Minister of Education's shirt. This caused embarrassment for his companions. Since then, designs have improved in velocity, lift, and propulsion. Modern paper models have reached high levels of sophistication. They have moved far beyond their simple origami origins.

Advanced gliders use many different development methods. Between 1930 and 1988, designers focused on high performance and scale modeling. Some even used CAD software, which is computer-aided design. Modern origami gliders use more intricate folds. Some designs use kirigami, which means cutting the paper. Designers also add ballast to ensure the plane flies correctly. While paper has higher drag than balsa wood, it has a higher strength-to-thickness ratio. This allows for unique structural possibilities.

In Japan, Professor Yasuaki Ninomiya developed advanced aircraft.

N-424 Paper Plane
N-424 Paper Plane

He published his designs in books like Jet Age Jamboree. These designs became the White Wings series. Unlike simple folded planes, these use paper templates. They are cut and glued together. Ninomiya used low-speed aerodynamic engineering to design them. His models even featured working propellers driven by airflow. Some of his designs, like the F-4 Phantom II, required no extra weight to fly. They could fly immediately without using paperclips for ballast.

In South Africa, Professor E.H. Mathews created the Paper Pilot series. He published his first book in 1984. He used a small wind tunnel to optimize his designs. His models used AutoCAD R12, a very advanced computer design tool. These gliders use a curved-plate aerofoil shape for better performance. Some models include a bungee hook for launching. This system is similar to how real sailplanes are launched. A scale model U-2 flew over 120 meters using a bungee launch. Some of his gliders can even fly the length of a rugby pitch.

There are also unique types like paper autogyros. An autogyro is an engineless helicopter.

Torque paper jet
Torque paper jet

In some designs, wings fly in a circle around a central shaft. This happens as the craft descends vertically. James Zongker built a forward-gliding version with spinning blades. These blades spin on paper axles to provide lift. Professor Mathews also developed the Papercopter. This model uses a ring wing and flaps. These flaps help adjust the flight for better stability. These inventions show how much science can be found in a simple sheet of paper.

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🖼️ Images & Media (6)
File:Papierflieger -- 2021 -- 7215.jpg
Papierflieger -- 2021 -- 7215.jpg
File:Paper Airplane.png
Paper Airplane.png
File:N-424 Paper Plane.gif
N-424 Paper Plane.gif
File:International contest paper glider.svg
International contest paper glider.svg
File:Art Deco wing.jpg
Art Deco wing.jpg
File:Torque paper jet.JPG
Torque paper jet.JPG
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