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Panentheism

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Panentheism is a philosophical and religious belief regarding the relationship between the divine and the universe. The term comes from the Ancient Greek expression *pān en theṓ*, which literally translates to "all in God."

Vishnu Vishvarupa
Vishnu Vishvarupa

This concept suggests that the divine intersects every part of the universe. However, it also maintains that the divine extends beyond the limits of space and time. This creates a specific way of understanding how a creator and a creation interact. It is a way to describe a reality that is both connected to our world and far greater than it.

To understand panentheism, one must distinguish it from pantheism. Pantheism holds that the divine and the universe are identical, meaning "all is God." In contrast, panentheism maintains an ontological distinction between the divine and the non-divine. This means that while the universal spirit is present everywhere, it also "transcends" or goes beyond all created things. Some versions of this belief suggest the universe is a manifestation of God. Other forms suggest the universe is actually contained within God.

Ibn Arabi with students
Ibn Arabi with students

Examples of this include the Kabbalistic concept of *Tzimtzum* and the Sufi concept of *Wahdat al-wujud*.

Ancient Greek philosophy provides early roots for these ideas. The Neoplatonist philosopher Plotinus taught about an ineffable, transcendent God known as "the One." He described subsequent realities as "emanations" that flowed from this source. From "the One," the Divine Mind (or *Nous*) and the Cosmic Soul (*Psyche*) emerged. Centuries earlier, the philosopher Heraclitus spoke of the *Logos*. He suggested that the *Logos* pervades the cosmos and is the source of all thoughts and things. Later Neoplatonists like Iamblichus tried to reconcile these views by adding a *Dynamis*, or monad of force, that encompassed all creation.

In the modern era, the term was formally coined in 1828 by the German philosopher Karl Krause. Krause was looking to distinguish the ideas of Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel and Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling from the pantheism of Baruch Spinoza. Spinoza is often called the "prince" of pantheism because he claimed that "Whatsoever is, is in God." However, Spinoza clarified that he did not believe God was merely a mass of physical matter. He argued that the universe is a "mode" of God expressed through attributes like Thought and Extension. While some scholars use the term pantheism for Spinoza, others suggest panentheism better describes his view that the world is "in" God.

Panentheism appears in many diverse religious traditions. In Buddhism, the concept of the "highest reality" can be described as panentheistic. Zen Master Soyen Shaku explained that the Buddhist ultimate is absolute and transcendent, while the world is its imperfect manifestation. He described this as being "all and one." In Christianity, some writers believe panentheism was the original view of the faith. Figures like Richard Rohr and Thomas Keating suggest this view is supported by mystical experience. Additionally, the Latter Day Saint movement teaches that the "Light of Christ" proceeds from God to give life to all things.

In the 20th century, the American philosopher Charles Hartshorne significantly developed these ideas. He combined panentheism with "process theology," a field that examines how God might relate to a changing world. Hartshorne reviewed several views, including deism and pandeism, before choosing panentheism. He proposed a unique idea: that God has absolute perfection in some categories, but "relative perfection" in others. This means God could potentially become "more perfect" as the universe evolves. His work helped popularize the term in Western academic and religious circles.

Today, panentheistic thought continues to influence various theological discussions. Some modern theologians use terms like "theocosmocentrism" to describe the link between God and the cosmos. This approach, advocated by Thomas Oord, suggests that God's love for the world is essential to God's very nature. Other thinkers explore "bipolar" or "dipolar" models. These models look at the interdependence between the eternal and the temporal. Whether through ancient Greek thought or modern process philosophy, panentheism remains a complex way to explore the connection between the sacred and the physical world.

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Ibn Arabi with students.jpg
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