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Pack animal

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A pack animal is a working animal used for transport. These animals move goods or materials by carrying them on their backs. They are also known as beasts of burden or sumpter animals.

Pack Horse 2
Pack Horse 2

Many different species are used for this work. Some belong to the horse family, such as horses, donkeys, and mules. Others include ungulates, which are hoofed animals like camels, goats, and llamas. Even some dogs can carry small loads.

Hortus Deliciarum 40-3m
Hortus Deliciarum 40-3m

To transport weight, people use specific types of gear. A pack animal may be fitted with a pack saddle. They might also use saddlebags to hold various items.

Marines train resupply techniques with pack animals 140831-M-ED261-010
Marines train resupply techniques with pack animals 140831-M-ED261-010

Another common method involves using panniers. Panniers are a pair of weighted materials. These are often placed symmetrically on the animal. This balance helps the animal carry the load effectively.

Different animals are used in different parts of the world. In the Arctic, people use reindeer and sled dogs. Central and Southern Africa rely on oxen, mules, and donkeys. Eurasia uses donkeys, oxen, horses, and mules. Central Asia uses Bactrian camels, yaks, horses, mules, and donkeys. In South and Southeast Asia, water buffaloes, yaks, and Asian elephants are common. North America uses horses, mules, donkeys, and goats. North Africa and the Middle East use dromedaries, horses, donkeys, mules, and oxen. Oceania uses donkeys, horses, dromedaries, mules, and oxen. South America uses llamas, donkeys, and mules.

Using animals for transport has changed throughout history. Pack horses and donkeys were major means of transport during the Middle Ages. This was a very important way to move goods in Europe. However, this changed by the sixteenth century. The use of wagons pulled by horses and oxen gradually displaced pack animals.

Hortus Deliciarum 40-3m
Hortus Deliciarum 40-3m

While traditional use by nomadic tribespeople is declining, new uses are appearing. In the High Atlas mountains of Morocco, a market is growing in the tourist expeditions industry. This allows visitors to experience backpacking with the help of animals.

Load carrying capacity varies greatly between species. Llama capacity is roughly one quarter of their body weight. For example, an adult male weighing 300 pounds can carry 75 pounds. Reindeer can carry up to 100 pounds for a prolonged period in mountains. Camel capacity can reach roughly 600 pounds.

Pack Horse 2
Pack Horse 2

Yaks are loaded differently depending on the region. In Sichuan, they carry loads for 6 hours. In Qinghai, packs of up to 150 pounds are routinely carried at altitude. The heaviest steers can carry up to 200 pounds for short periods.

There are different rules and guidelines for animal loads. For equids, which are horse-like animals, the capacity is often disputed. The US Army specifies a maximum of 20 percent of body weight for mules. This allows a mule to walk up to a day in mountains with a 200-pound load. However, a text from 1867 mentioned loads as high as 300 pounds. In India, the 1965 prevention of cruelty rules set specific limits. Mules are limited to 200 pounds, and ponies are limited to 100 pounds.

Pack animals remain relevant in modern specialized fields. In the 21st century, special forces have received guidance on using them. They may use horses, mules, llamas, camels, dogs, and elephants.

Marines train resupply techniques with pack animals 140831-M-ED261-010
Marines train resupply techniques with pack animals 140831-M-ED261-010

This is useful for reaching difficult terrain. In America, the use of pack animals is considered a valid way to view some National Parks. This is subject to specific guidelines and closed areas. These animals continue to connect human needs with the natural world.

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File:Pack Horse 2.jpg
Pack Horse 2.jpg
File:Hortus Deliciarum 40-3m.jpg
Hortus Deliciarum 40-3m.jpg
File:Marines train resupply techniques with pack animals 140831-M-ED261-010.jpg
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