Nepedia
Back to Discover
Advanced Reader
📖

Ouroboros

philosophy religion Maturity 9-11 mythology supernatural Next article →

This article covers sensitive topics: mythology, supernatural. Parents can manage visibility in Parental Controls.

The ouroboros is an ancient symbol depicting a snake or dragon eating its own tail.

Serpiente alquimica
Serpiente alquimica

The name comes from the Greek words "oura," meaning tail, and "boros," meaning eating. This symbol is widely used to represent eternal cyclic renewal. It often symbolizes the continuous cycles of life, death, and rebirth. Some interpretations suggest the snake's shedding skin represents the transmigration of souls. In certain religious contexts, the symbol also carries fertility meanings. The tail is viewed as a phallic symbol, while the mouth acts as a yonic or womb-like symbol.

One of the earliest known representations of the ouroboros is in Ancient Egypt.

Ägyptisches Museum Kairo 2016-03-29 Tutanchamun Grabschatz 09
Ägyptisches Museum Kairo 2016-03-29 Tutanchamun Grabschatz 09

It appears in the Enigmatic Book of the Netherworld within the tomb of Tutankhamun. This text dates back to the 14th century BCE. In this context, the serpents may represent the deity Mehen. These figures encircle a divine being to show the beginning and end of time. In Egyptian thought, such serpents also represent the disorder surrounding the orderly world. This disorder is involved in the periodic renewal of the world.

The symbol traveled from Egypt into the Greek and Roman traditions. The 4th-century CE commentator Servius noted its use in Egypt. He explained that the image represented the cyclical nature of the year. This symbol was later adopted by several different belief systems. Gnostics used the serpent to symbolize eternity and the soul of the world. The text "Pistis Sophia" describes a twelve-part dragon surrounding the world.

Chrysopoea of Cleopatra 1
Chrysopoea of Cleopatra 1

In alchemy, the ouroboros became a central icon. A famous 10th-century copy of "The Chrysopoeia of Cleopatra" shows the symbol with the phrase "hen to pan," meaning "the all is one." This image is linked to the legendary pursuit of the philosopher's stone.

Many mythologies feature world-encircling serpents similar to the ouroboros. In Norse mythology, the serpent Jörmungandr is a child of Loki. This creature grew large enough to encircle the entire world. The legends of Ragnar Lodbrok also mention a serpent that bites its own tail. In South America, some indigenous groups believe an anaconda encircles the world-disc. Similar ideas appear in Jewish traditions regarding the Leviathan. The Zohar describes the creature as having its tail in its mouth. Rashi also describes the Leviathan as encompassing the entire world.

Eastern traditions also contain connections to this circular imagery. A Vedic text from the early 1st millennium BCE compares rituals to a snake biting its tail. In Indian thought, the symbol is used to describe Kundalini. The "Yoga-kundalini Upanishad" describes this divine power as a snake coiled upon herself. Some thinkers also use the ouroboros to represent the cycle of samsara. This refers to the continuous cycle of existence. Modern psychologists like Carl Jung viewed the symbol as an archetype. He saw it as a basic mandala used in alchemy.

Scientific discovery has also been influenced by this symbol. The German chemist August Kekulé had a famous vision of the ouroboros.

Ouroboros-benzene
Ouroboros-benzene

While dozing, he saw a snake seizing its own tail. This moment helped him realize the ring-like structure of benzene. This discovery was a major step in organic chemistry. Astronomer Martin Rees uses the symbol to show scales of the universe. He connects the subatomic world to the supragalactic world through this circle. The symbol illustrates the links between the very small and the very large.

In modern science, the concept of self-reference is often linked to the ouroboros. Cybernetics uses the symbol to describe feedback loops in living systems. The term "autopoiesis" refers to self-producing autonomous systems. This is sometimes called the "riddle of the living." In the natural world, the armadillo girdled lizard shows this shape physically.

Cu19
Cu19

When threatened, the lizard curls into a ball and bites its tail for protection. Its scientific name, "Ouroborus cataphractus," comes from this behavior. Even in Iberian culture, the symbol appears in common sayings. The "hake that bites its tail" is a phrase used to describe circular reasoning.

660 words

Where will your curiosity go next?

Keep exploring at your chosen reading level.

🖼️ Images & Media (8)
File:Serpiente alquimica.jpg
Serpiente alquimica.jpg
File:Ägyptisches Museum Kairo 2016-03-29 Tutanchamun Grabschatz 09.jpg
Ägyptisches Museum Kairo 2016-03-29...
File:Chrysopoea of Cleopatra 1.png
Chrysopoea of Cleopatra 1.png
File:Ouroboros-benzene.svg
Ouroboros-benzene.svg
File:Historic Benzene Formulae Kekulé (original).png
Historic Benzene Formulae Kekulé (original).png
File:Cu19.jpg
Cu19.jpg
File:Pescadilla frita.jpg
Pescadilla frita.jpg
File:Ouroboros, Canberra.jpg
Ouroboros, Canberra.jpg
More to explore

🔬 Go deeper

More advanced topics to explore

🪜 Step back

Simpler topics to build understanding

What is Nepedia?

A free, ad-free encyclopedia for children. Every article is written at five reading levels, so the same page works for a five-year-old and a fifteen-year-old — use the level switcher above to see this one change. No account needed to read.