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Hell

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In religion and folklore, hell is defined as a location or a state in the afterlife. It is a place where souls may face punishment after death.

Fra Angelico 010
Fra Angelico 010

Many cultures use these ideas to explain how justice works after life ends. Some religions see hell as a permanent or eternal destination. This is often the case in certain versions of Christianity and Islam. Other belief systems view hell as a temporary period. In Indian religions, hell is an intermediary stage between different incarnations. This process is part of the cycle of reincarnation.

Religions describe the location of hell in various ways. Some believe it exists in another dimension entirely. Others place it deep under the Earth's surface. Some traditions do not see the afterlife as a place of reward or punishment. Instead, they describe it as a neutral abode for the dead. These places, such as Kur, Hades, or Sheol, are often called the underworld.

Dumuzi aux enfers
Dumuzi aux enfers

Ancient Mesopotamian, Greek, Roman, and Finnic religions believed there were entrances to these underworlds from the land of the living.

The English word "hell" has a long history. It comes from the Old English words "hel" and "helle."

Hel (1889) by Johannes Gehrts
Hel (1889) by Johannes Gehrts

These terms were used as early as 725 AD to describe a nether world of the dead. The word has relatives in all Germanic languages. In Old Norse, "Hel" referred to both a location and a goddess-like figure. All these words trace back to a Proto-Germanic root meaning a "concealed place." This root is related to the Latin word "celare," which means to hide. This is the same root used for the English word "cellar."

The concept of retribution for bad actions is almost universal. Many people believe that justice is carried out after death. As early as 1500 BCE, Egyptians believed the dead would be judged.

The Weighing of the Heart
The Weighing of the Heart

If a person was found guilty of crimes, they faced punishment. Buddhist writings from 250 to 100 BCE also describe hell as a state resulting from bad actions. In these traditions, actions like killing a saint or causing a schism in the sangha lead to hell. This concept of retribution does not always require the existence of a god.

Different religions offer unique details about how one enters hell. In Persian dualism, hell is the home of the principle Devil, Angra Manyu. Mazdaist stories say the dead choose between paradise and hell based on their actions. In some myths, hell sits in the middle of the Earth. A bridge spans over it, and those who did evil fall down into it. In the Christian New Testament, the term "Gehenna" is used. It is described as a place with unquenchable fire and worms that never die.

Copenhagen, Davids Samling Inventarnummer 14-2014 fol. 1v Muhammad meeting the tree Zaqqum
Copenhagen, Davids Samling Inventarnummer 14-2014 fol. 1v Muhammad meeting the tree Zaqqum

Punishment in hell often matches the sins committed during life. Sometimes punishments are general, with sinners sent to specific chambers. Other times, the suffering is specific to each individual crime.

Seven Jain Hells
Seven Jain Hells

Many cultures, including Christianity and Islam, depict hell as a fiery and painful place. However, some traditions describe hell as being very cold. Tibetan Buddhist descriptions include an equal number of hot and cold hells. Even in Christian literature, Dante's "Inferno" describes the ninth circle as a frozen lake.

William Bouguereau - Dante and Virgile - Google Art Project 2
William Bouguereau - Dante and Virgile - Google Art Project 2

These beliefs connect to broader human ideas about morality and the soul. By imagining a place of consequence, societies address the need for justice. Some thinkers, like Plato, suggested that the type of punishment fits the sin. Others see these places as ways to understand the balance of good and evil. Whether described as fire, ice, or a shadowy cavern, these ideas help humans process the concept of right and wrong. They remain a significant part of how people view the world and the life that follows.

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🖼️ Images & Media (12)
File:Fra Angelico 010.jpg
Fra Angelico 010.jpg
File:Hel (1889) by Johannes Gehrts.jpg
Hel (1889) by Johannes Gehrts.jpg
File:Fresque église huaro.JPG
Fresque église huaro.JPG
File:The Weighing of the Heart.svg
The Weighing of the Heart.svg
File:Dumuzi aux enfers.jpg
Dumuzi aux enfers.jpg
File:Harrowing of hell Christ leads Adam by the hand. On scroll in border, the motto 'Entre tenir Dieu le viuelle' (f. 125) Cropped.jpg
Harrowing of hell Christ leads Adam by...
File:Copenhagen, Davids Samling Inventarnummer 14-2014 fol. 1v Muhammad meeting the tree Zaqqum.jpg
Copenhagen, Davids Samling Inventarnummer...
File:Ngaye (Naraka) in Burmese art.jpg
Ngaye (Naraka) in Burmese art.jpg
File:Yama's Court and Hell.jpg
Yama's Court and Hell.jpg
File:Seven Jain Hells.jpg
Seven Jain Hells.jpg
File:ROM-ChineseGallery-DemonSculpture.png
ROM-ChineseGallery-DemonSculpture.png
File:William Bouguereau - Dante and Virgile - Google Art Project 2.jpg
William Bouguereau - Dante and Virgile -...
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