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Erlik

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Erlik is a central figure in Turkic mythology and belief systems.

ErlikHan
ErlikHan

He is recognized as the god of death, darkness, and the underworld. Some traditions refer to his realm as Tamag, which means hell. In these belief systems, Erlik is often viewed as a deity of evil. He is also described as a judge who presides over the souls of the deceased.

Court of Erlik Khan
Court of Erlik Khan

Because Tengrism was not based on a single written text, different Turkic groups hold various perspectives on him. However, his role as the lord of the underworld remains a consistent pattern across many traditions.

The mechanism of how Erlik interacts with the living involves several spiritual processes. He is believed to bring forth death, plague, and evil spirits to torment humans. These spirits act as his assistants to cause misfortune and sickness. When a person dies, a specific process occurs regarding their soul. Erlik sends a kormos, which is a type of ghost, to claim the soul. Simultaneously, heaven sends a spirit to carry the soul toward the light. The final destination of the soul depends on the struggle between these two opposing forces.

Erlik han
Erlik han

It is believed that Erlik can only claim the souls of those who are evil.

Erlik is part of a complex divine hierarchy with distinct roles. He is the brother of the god Ülgen. Both Erlik and Ülgen were created by the supreme god Kayra, also known as Tengere Kayra Khan. While Ülgen is associated with the upper world and light, Erlik is associated with the lower world. Some scholars view this as a form of dualism between heaven and earth. Others suggest that Ülgen and Erlik are simply two different rulers representing good and evil. This division helps explain the balance of forces in the Turkic cosmos.

Many legends explain the history of how Erlik came to rule the underworld. One Altai legend claims Erlik created spirits, known as İye, while he lived in heaven. He and these spirits were eventually cast out and fell to earth after he claimed divinity for himself. Another narrative suggests God (Tengri) gave Erlik a hammer and an anvil. However, God took his power away when Erlik used those tools to create evil. In a different story, a human was named Erlik as a punishment after attempting to hide soil from the creator, Kayra. These stories trace his transition from a heavenly being to a ruler of the depths.

Specific details about Erlik's status and family are well-documented in various traditions. He is said to have nine sons called the Karaoğlanlar, or "dark boys." These sons include Karash Khan, the god of darkness, and Matır Khan, the god of courage. Other sons include Shingay Khan, Komur Khan, Badish Khan, Yabash Khan, Temir Khan, Uchar Khan, and Kerey Khan. He also has nine daughters known as the Karakızlar, or "dark girls."

Court of Erlik Khan
Court of Erlik Khan

According to the Khakas people, Erlik resides in a copper palace located in the deepest layer of the earth. This palace is furnished with gold, showing his high status in the underworld.

Erlik's appearance and influence extend into various cultural and scientific areas. In shamanic prayers, he is sometimes described as having a human body with the face and teeth of a pig. He is also depicted as an old man with a strong build, black eyes, and a mustache. Some traditions link him to the bear, which is a totemic animal. His influence is even noted in modern science, as the dinosaur Erlikosaurus was named in his honor. In some Siberian regions, people have historically made animal sacrifices to him. These sacrifices were intended to stop diseases or to ensure a better rank in the afterlife.

Erlik's role connects deeply to the broader study of religion and shamanism. In Siberia and Central Asia, some shamans known as Black Shamans (kara kam) interact with his realm. This practice is often viewed with caution because it involves negotiating with demonic spirits. The study of Erlik also touches on how different cultures explain the existence of suffering and death. Whether viewed as a judge, a creator of evil, or a fallen deity, Erlik remains a vital part of the Turkic spiritual landscape. His stories help define the boundaries between the earthly realm and the mysteries of the afterlife.

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