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Old World

geography Maturity 7-9 Next article →

The term "Old World" describes a massive collection of landmasses.

LocationAfricaEurasia
LocationAfricaEurasia

It refers specifically to the continents of Africa, Europe, and Asia. These three continents together form the landmass known as Afro-Eurasia. This term is used to distinguish these lands from the Americas. For a long time, Europeans believed these continents were the entire world. This perspective changed significantly after the year 1493. At that time, Europeans became aware of the existence of the Americas. They began calling those newly encountered lands the "New World." This created a clear contrast between the Eastern and Western Hemispheres.

In the study of history and archaeology, the term has a specific meaning. It describes regions that experienced cultural contact starting in the Bronze Age. This contact was often indirect but very influential. It led to the parallel development of many early civilizations. Most of this development occurred within the temperate zone. This zone is located roughly between the 45th and 25th parallels north. This area includes the Mediterranean region and parts of North Africa.

Cosmographia Claudii Ptolomaei ante 1467 (7455943) (cropped)
Cosmographia Claudii Ptolomaei ante 1467 (7455943) (cropped)

Many distinct regions contributed to the history of the Old World. These areas include Mesopotamia and the Persian plateau. The Indian subcontinent and China are also vital parts of this history. Some parts of Sub-Saharan Africa are included in this definition as well. These regions were linked through the Silk Road. The Silk Road was a major trade route that connected distant lands. Through this network, goods and ideas moved across the continents. This connectivity helped shape the development of these early societies.

T and O map Guntherus Ziner 1472
T and O map Guntherus Ziner 1472

Following the Bronze Age, these regions entered the Iron Age. This period was marked by significant technological and social shifts. The Iron Age in the Old World was accompanied by the Axial Age. The Axial Age refers to a period of intense philosophical and religious growth. During this time, many major cultural spheres began to emerge. These developments changed how people understood the world and their place in it. This era laid the foundations for many modern belief systems.

Different cultural spheres developed in different parts of the Old World. In the West, the classical period was defined by Hellenism. The Near East saw the rise of Zoroastrian and Abrahamic traditions. Meanwhile, the Far East developed several profound philosophical and religious systems. These included Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, and Sikhism. Confucianism and Taoism also emerged during this influential time. These diverse systems all grew within the interconnected framework of the Old World.

Some scholars use an alternative term to describe this vast area. They call the mainland of Afro-Eurasia the "World Island." This name specifically refers to the continuous landmass. It excludes various island groups and isolated islands. For example, it does not include the British Isles or Japan. It also leaves out Sri Lanka, Madagascar, and the Malay Archipelago. The term may have been coined by Sir Halford John Mackinder. He discussed these geographical concepts in his work, "The Geographical Pivot of History."

Understanding the Old World helps us see how human history is connected. The movement of people and goods created a shared global story. Even though these cultures were different, they were not isolated. The trade routes and shared eras like the Iron Age brought them together. This connection allowed for the spread of complex ideas and technologies. By studying the Old World, we learn how early civilizations shaped our modern world. It remains a fundamental concept in human geography and world history.

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File:LocationAfricaEurasia.png
LocationAfricaEurasia.png
File:Cosmographia Claudii Ptolomaei ante 1467 (7455943) (cropped).jpg
Cosmographia Claudii Ptolomaei ante 1467...
File:T and O map Guntherus Ziner 1472.jpg
T and O map Guntherus Ziner 1472.jpg
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