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Niqab

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A niqab is a long garment worn by some Muslim women. It covers the entire body and the face, but leaves the eyes visible. This practice is an interpretation of the concept of hijab, which focuses on modesty. Women often wear it in public or when encountering non-mahram men, who are men outside of their immediate family. While it is a personal religious choice, it is also a subject of significant global debate.

Burka ban world map
Burka ban world map

There are several distinct ways to wear a niqab. One common version is the half niqab. This is a simple length of fabric with elastic or ties. It is worn around the face and usually leaves the eyes and part of the forehead visible. Another common version is the gulf-style, or full niqab. This consists of an upper band tied around the forehead. A long, wide piece of fabric then covers the face, leaving an opening for the eyes. Some full niqabs include sheer layers attached to the band. These layers can be flipped down to cover the eyes, allowing the woman to see out through the thin fabric.

Other styles exist in different regions. The Afghan-style burqa is a long, pleated gown that covers the body and face. It uses a small crocheted grille to hide the eyes. In Pakistan, some wear the Pak chador. This is a large triangular scarf with extra pieces. One piece is tied behind the head, and another rectangular piece is worn over the face. Some women also wear a khimar. This is a semi-circular piece of fabric with an opening for the face. It is often worn over a small triangular underscarf.

Face veiling has ancient roots in the Mediterranean, Middle East, and Central Asia. In pre-Islamic Arabia, women of various religions practiced face veiling. The Roman author Tertullian wrote about pagan Arabian women covering their whole faces. Islamic scholars have also noted this tradition. Al-Ghazali wrote that women have always gone out in niqab. The scholar Al-Hafiz Ibn Hajar stated it was a long-standing custom to cover faces from strangers. However, most Muslim scholars do not consider the niqab to be a compulsory requirement for all women. Many Islamic legal schools, such as the Hanafi, Maliki, and Shafi'i, do not require it.

The modern prevalence of the niqab changed significantly in the late 1970s. This was part of an Islamic revival. The rise of "Petro-Islam" under the House of Saud played a major role. Following the 1973 Arab-Israeli War, Saudi Arabia spread hardline Sunni doctrines globally. This was partly a response to the religious influence of the Iranian Revolution. Through the sponsorship of mosques, Saudi-supported views like Wahhabism and Salafism became more widespread. This helped the niqab become a more noticeable symbol of this religious movement throughout the late 20th century.

Today, the niqab is a subject of legal and social controversy. As of 2025, 18 states have banned the niqab or burqa. These include countries in Africa, Asia, and Europe.

Full-face veils ban in Europe
Full-face veils ban in Europe

In France, laws prohibit religious symbols in state schools. A 2010 law also banned face coverings in all public spaces. Violators can face fines of 150 euros and must take citizenship classes. In Algeria, the government banned the veil for public servants in 2018. In Cameroon and Chad, bans were implemented following specific violent attacks involving individuals in religious garments.

These laws often create complex social challenges. In Azerbaijan, women wearing the niqab cannot work as public servants or attend certain schools. In the United States, Sultaana Freeman fought a legal battle in 2003 regarding her driver's license photo. The court ruled she could wear the niqab if the photo was taken in a private room with a female employee. The United Nations Human Rights Committee has also expressed concern about such bans. They stated that French laws could disproportionately harm women's rights by making it harder to access public services or stay in their homes.

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