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Natural history

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Natural history is a broad domain of inquiry focused on the study of organisms. This includes animals, plants, and fungi within their natural environments. Unlike some laboratory sciences that rely on controlled experiments, natural history leans toward observational methods. A person who specializes in this field is called a naturalist or a natural historian. This field is not just a single subject but acts as an umbrella for many specialty sciences. Today, it connects various disciplines like geobiology to help us understand the living world.

Lycee Michelet Vanves bibliotheque collection histoire naturelle
Lycee Michelet Vanves bibliotheque collection histoire naturelle

The mechanism of natural history involves the systematic study of natural objects. It functions through close, intentional observation of how organisms live and interact. Naturalists examine the origins, evolution, and behaviors of species. They also look at how these organisms relate to other species in their surroundings. This process includes observing changes in internal states that affect how an organism acts. By watching these interactions, naturalists can map out the complex relationships within an ecosystem. They study how life is organized from a single individual into large populations and communities.

There are several ways to define the scope of natural history. Some biologists define it as the study of life at the individual level. They focus on what specific plants and animals do and how they react to their environment. Other definitions emphasize the descriptive components, such as descriptive ecology and ethology. Some practitioners view natural history as a craft or a practice of focused attentiveness. This can include an aesthetic component, where the beauty of the natural world is part of the study. Some views even expand to include the study of fossils and the physical environment.

ViennaDioscoridesPlant
ViennaDioscoridesPlant

The history of natural history stretches from antiquity to the modern era. In the ancient Greco-Roman world, philosophers like Aristotle analyzed the diversity of life. Pliny the Elder published an encyclopedia that covered everything from astronomy to plants. Another vital text was written by the Roman physician Dioscorides between 50 and 70 AD. This work was so influential that it was read for over 1,500 years. During the Middle Ages in Europe, the study of nature was often tied to theology. However, in the Arabic and Oriental worlds, natural history continued to progress at a much faster pace.

Buffon 1707-1788
Buffon 1707-1788

During the Renaissance, the study of nature underwent a major revival. Scholars began to return to direct observation of the natural world. This era saw the rise of natural philosophy, which was the analytical study of nature. Natural philosophy eventually branched into modern physics and chemistry. At the same time, natural history grew to include biological and geological sciences. Many "gentleman scientists" contributed to both fields during the 17th century. They shared their findings at professional societies like the Royal Society and the French Academy of Sciences.

Table of Natural History, Cyclopaedia, Volume 2
Table of Natural History, Cyclopaedia, Volume 2

As the number of known species increased, scientists needed better ways to organize them. The Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus developed a famous system for classification. In China, Li Shizhen achieved great scientific success with his work, the Bencao gangmu. This work is considered a massive scientific achievement of the Ming dynasty. In the 18th century, Georges Buffon wrote a massive 44-volume encyclopedia titled Histoire naturelle. This work described minerals, birds, and quadrupeds in great detail. These efforts helped transform natural history into specialized professional disciplines like botany and zoology.

Natural history remains significant because it provides the empirical foundation for all natural sciences. It is essential for conservation efforts by informing the science used to protect species. It also helps us understand the history of our planet through the study of fossils. Many large museums, such as the American Museum of Natural History, carry on this tradition. They combine botany and zoology with anthropology, geology, and astronomy. This broad approach helps us understand the connection between the natural world and human culture.

Szczecin pomnik Jana Czekanowskiego
Szczecin pomnik Jana Czekanowskiego
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Table of Natural History, Cyclopaedia,...
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Lycee Michelet Vanves bibliotheque...
File:ViennaDioscoridesPlant.jpg
ViennaDioscoridesPlant.jpg
File:Buffon 1707-1788.jpg
Buffon 1707-1788.jpg
File:Szczecin pomnik Jana Czekanowskiego.jpg
Szczecin pomnik Jana Czekanowskiego.jpg
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