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National anthem

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A national anthem is a patriotic musical composition used to symbolize a nation. These songs evoke the history and traditions of a country or people. Most anthems follow the musical style of a march or a hymn.

Pils rouget lisle chantant marseillaise mb (Musée)
Pils rouget lisle chantant marseillaise mb (Musée)

Some nations that are divided into multiple constituent states have their own official songs. The United Kingdom and the former Soviet Union are examples of this. Even if these songs represent parts of a country, they are sometimes called national anthems. These compositions serve as powerful tools for building a sense of shared identity.

The way an anthem is used often follows specific social rules or etiquette. In many formal settings, people show respect by standing up or removing their headwear.

Anthems are played during national holidays, festivals, and diplomatic events. They are also deeply connected to international sports. Since the 1920 Olympic Charter, the anthem of a gold medal winner is played during ceremonies. In baseball, anthems became common during World War II. When two nations compete, both anthems are usually played, with the host nation's anthem played last.

Anthems can be categorized by their legal status. Some countries have a de jure anthem, which means it is officially adopted by law. Others rely on a de facto anthem. A de facto anthem is a song that is used in practice, such as at sporting events, even if it is not the official legal anthem. For example, the United Kingdom uses "God Save the King" de facto. Sweden also uses an anthem de facto, alongside its royal anthem. Some nations, like Israel, used a de facto anthem for many years before officially adopting it in 2004.

The history of these songs shows a long evolution from royal music to national symbols. In the early modern period, European monarchies used royal anthems. "God Save the King," first performed in 1619, remains a royal anthem for the United Kingdom and Commonwealth realms. France was the first country to adopt an official national anthem by decree in 1795. During the early 19th century, many new nations formed anthems due to wars of independence. Argentina adopted an anthem in 1813, while Belgium did so in 1830.

Handschrift Brussel p-37-38
Handschrift Brussel p-37-38

Many anthems were actually used for a long time before they were officially recognized. The Dutch anthem, the "Wilhelmus," has roots in the 16th century but was not adopted until 1932.

Specific numbers and dates help us track how anthems became part of daily life. The Japanese anthem, "Kimigayo," uses lyrics from the Heian period, which lasted from 794 to 1185. However, the music was not set until 1880. In the 1960s, the period of decolonization led many newly independent nations to adopt anthems. Kenya, for example, used a dedicated commission to produce its anthem in 1963. Today, some countries have laws regarding when anthems must be played. In Colombia, the law requires the anthem to play on public radio and TV at 06:00 and 18:00. Thailand also plays its anthem at 08:00 and 18:00.

Many famous anthems were created by composers who are not household names. The tune for the United States anthem, "The Star-Spangled Banner," came from "The Anacreontic Song."

Image-Inno di Mameli 2
Image-Inno di Mameli 2

However, a few anthems were written by world-renowned musical figures. Joseph Haydn wrote the melody for the German anthem, "Das Lied der Deutschen." Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart is sometimes credited with the Austrian anthem. Some anthems even feature lyrics by Nobel Prize winners. Rabindranath Tagore wrote the words for the anthems of both India and Bangladesh. He is the only person to have written the anthems for two different countries.

Anthems can also serve as a way to manage complex political situations. When North Korea and South Korea competed as a unified team at the 2018 Winter Olympics, they did not use their own anthems. Instead, they used "Arirang," a folk song beloved by both sides of the border. This song acted as a symbol for Korea as a whole. In other cases, such as in Taiwan, international recognition affects which music is played. Because the International Olympic Committee has not recognized Taiwan as a separate nation since 1979, they use the "National Banner Song" instead of their national anthem. This shows how music interacts with global politics and identity.

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