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Mineral water

earth science Maturity 11-13 Next article →

Mineral water is a specific type of water sourced from a mineral spring. It contains various dissolved minerals, such as salts and sulfur compounds.

Vata-Gurgur
Vata-Gurgur

Most mineral water is still, meaning it does not have bubbles. However, it can also be sparkling or carbonated. This means it is effervescent, or filled with gas bubbles. Today, mineral water is a global product. There are more than 4,000 commercial brands available around the world.

Bottled water in supermarket
Bottled water in supermarket

To be called mineral water, the liquid must meet strict scientific standards. In the United States, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) sets these rules. The water must originate from a geologically and physically protected underground source. It must also contain at least 250 parts per million of total dissolved solids (TDS). TDS refers to the total amount of minerals dissolved in the water. A key rule in the U.S. is that no minerals may be added to the water.

Bottled water in supermarket
Bottled water in supermarket

Rules in the European Union (EU) are also very specific. Under EU Directive 2009/54/EC, the water must be bottled at its source. It can only undergo minimal treatment to keep it safe. This treatment can include decantation, which is letting particles settle. It can also include filtration or treatment with ozone-enriched air. These processes can remove iron, manganese, sulfur, or arsenic. However, these steps must not change the essential parts that give the water its unique properties.

Vata-Gurgur
Vata-Gurgur

Scientists use certain terms to describe the mineral content of water. The amount of calcium and magnesium ions determines the "hardness" of the water. If the water has a high amount of these ions, it is called hard water. If it has very few calcium and magnesium ions, it is called soft water. In the EU, the only thing that can be added or removed is carbon dioxide. This must be done using exclusively physical methods. No disinfection treatments or bacteriostatic agents are permitted.

Bottled water in supermarket
Bottled water in supermarket

Historically, people interacted with mineral water very differently than we do today. Traditionally, people consumed mineral water directly at its spring source. This practice was often called "taking the waters" or "taking the cure." People would visit specific locations like spas, wells, or baths. Today, traveling to a mineral spring is uncommon. In many cases, it is not even possible. This is often because of exclusive commercial ownership rights to the water sources.

Vata-Gurgur
Vata-Gurgur

Researchers have studied how mineral water might affect human health. A review by the World Health Organization (WHO) looked at cardiovascular disease mortality. They found slightly reduced mortality rates from consuming harder water. This water has higher mineral amounts, specifically magnesium and possibly calcium. However, mineral levels vary greatly between different brands. It is also important to note that tap water can contain similar or even greater mineral amounts.

Bottled water in supermarket
Bottled water in supermarket

One study compared mineral water to tap water in North America. The researchers found that the median mineral content of North American mineral waters was actually lower than tap water. While values varied widely for both, the tap water often had more minerals. Because of this, other dietary sources of minerals are available to people. These food sources can be more cost-effective for consumers. They can also be less environmentally impactful than buying bottled mineral water.

Bottled water in supermarket
Bottled water in supermarket

In many places, people use the term "mineral water" colloquially. This means they use it in a casual way that might not be scientifically accurate. For example, some people use the term to mean any bottled carbonated water or soda water. This is different from the strict definition used by the FDA or the EU. Whether it is used for health, thirst, or tradition, mineral water remains a major part of the global beverage industry.

Bottled water in supermarket
Bottled water in supermarket
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File:US Navy 050912-N-5561D-023 U.S. Navy Seabees, assigned to Naval Mobile Construction Battalion One (NMCB-1), based out of Gulfport, Miss., organize bottled water to give to families at First Baptist Church Biloxi.jpg
US Navy 050912-N-5561D-023 U.S. Navy...
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