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Dietary supplement

life science Maturity 7-9 Next article →

A dietary supplement is a manufactured product designed to add to a person's diet.

VitaminSupplementPills
VitaminSupplementPills

These products can take many forms, such as pills, capsules, tablets, powders, or liquids.

Spirulina Capsules
Spirulina Capsules

They provide various nutrients to the body through different methods. Some ingredients are extracted directly from food sources like plants or animals. For example, collagen can be extracted from fish or chickens.

Codliveroilcapsules
Codliveroilcapsules

Other ingredients are synthesized, which means they are manufactured to increase the amount a person consumes. Some supplements even contain synthetic copies of natural substances, such as melatonin. While many supplements contain nutrients, others include substances like plant pigments or polyphenols. These are not always essential to life, but they may have beneficial biological effects.

Supplements are categorized by the types of nutrient compounds they contain. Vitamins are organic compounds that an organism needs in limited amounts to survive. A substance is called a vitamin if the body cannot make enough of it on its own. For instance, humans require thirteen different vitamins, such as Vitamin C or Vitamin D. Some vitamins, known as vitamers, actually belong to groups of related molecules. Minerals are different because they are essential chemical elements. While elements like carbon and oxygen are found in all food, other minerals like iron, zinc, and calcium are provided through supplements.

Iodine pills
Iodine pills

Other common ingredients include amino acids, fatty acids, and even live microorganisms called probiotics.

Proteins and amino acids are frequently used in specific types of supplements. Many products are sold as powders to be mixed into water or as ready-to-drink liquids. These are often used by athletes to increase muscle size or performance. They are also used by people recovering from injury or illness. Some people use protein supplements to help prevent muscle loss during weight loss. Popular ingredients for these products include whey, casein, soy, pea, hemp, or rice protein. Research has shown that whey protein can be a safe and effective way to help athletes with training and recovery.

In the United States, the legal definition of a supplement is very specific. The Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act of 1994, known as DSHEA, created these rules. Under DSHEA, supplements are classified as food rather than drugs. This means they must be intended for ingestion and cannot be used as a replacement for a whole meal. They also cannot be used as nasal sprays or topical lotions applied to the skin. Most importantly, a dietary supplement cannot be approved or authorized as a new drug or antibiotic. If a product was not already being sold as a food or supplement, it cannot be categorized this way.

Because they are treated as food, the regulations for supplements differ from medicine. In the U.S., manufacturers do not need government approval to sell a supplement. Instead, the manufacturer is responsible for confirming that the product is safe. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) only steps in to remove a product if it is found to be unsafe. In Europe, the European Commission has created harmonized rules to ensure supplements are safe and labeled correctly. These rules help maintain consistency across the European Union.

There are strict rules regarding what companies can say about their products. In the United States, it is illegal for manufacturers to claim a supplement can prevent or treat a disease. They are only allowed to use "Structure/Function" wording if they have scientific evidence. This allows them to say a product "helps maintain healthy joints." However, the label must include a disclaimer stating the FDA has not evaluated the claim. The label must also state that the product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease.

Springtime St. John's Wort (12610079565)
Springtime St. John's Wort (12610079565)

The supplement industry is a massive global market. In 2021, the industry in the United States was valued at approximately $151.9 billion. There are more than 95,000 different supplement products marketed in the U.S. alone. Usage is very common, with about 60% of the American adult population consuming supplements. This number is even higher among older adults, reaching 74% for those over age 60. Multivitamins are the most frequently used type of supplement.

B vitamin supplement tablets
B vitamin supplement tablets

While the National Institutes of Health suggests supplements can help those with limited dietary variety, they are not a substitute for a healthy diet.

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File:Iodine pills.jpg
Iodine pills.jpg
File:Spirulina Capsules.jpg
Spirulina Capsules.jpg
File:B vitamin supplement tablets.jpg
B vitamin supplement tablets.jpg
File:Codliveroilcapsules.jpg
Codliveroilcapsules.jpg
File:A Chemist Carries On- the work of Allen and Hanburys in the Production of Cod Liver Oil, 1942 D6761.jpg
A Chemist Carries On- the work of Allen...
File:VitaminSupplementPills.jpg
VitaminSupplementPills.jpg
File:Springtime St. John's Wort (12610079565).jpg
Springtime St. John's Wort (12610079565).jpg
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