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Midwifery

life science Maturity 11-13 Next article →

Midwifery is a specialized health science and medical profession. It focuses on pregnancy, childbirth, and the postpartum period, which is the time after a baby is born. Midwives also manage the sexual and reproductive health of women throughout their entire lives.

In many nations, midwifery is considered a medical profession. This is because midwives undergo independent and direct specialized education. They are not simply assistants to doctors. Instead, they are trained experts in their own right.

A common approach in modern care is midwifery-led continuity of care. In this model, one or more midwives hold the primary responsibility for a woman's care. This differs from medical-led care, where an obstetrician or family physician is the main provider. Some systems use a shared-care model. In these cases, responsibility is split between a midwife and a doctor. This model emphasizes a deep, developing relationship between the midwife and the mother. This connection helps create personalized care, trust, and empowerment.

Midwife home appointment
Midwife home appointment

A 2015 Cochrane review studied these different care models. The review looked at public health systems in Australia, Canada, Ireland, New Zealand, and the United Kingdom. It found that most women should be offered midwifery-led continuity models. This type of care is associated with several specific outcomes. For example, it is linked to a reduction in the use of epidurals. It also results in fewer episiotomies and fewer instrumental births.

Midwife's case and contents
Midwife's case and contents

Additionally, this model is linked to a decreased risk of preterm birth. It also shows a decreased risk of losing a baby before 24 weeks of gestation. However, the review noted that midwifery-led care was associated with a longer mean length of labor in hours. It also found no difference in the number of Caesarean sections.

Midwifery has a very deep history in human civilization. In ancient Egypt, midwifery was a recognized occupation for women. The Ebers Papyrus, dated from 1900 to 1550 BCE, contains five columns regarding obstetrics and gynecology. It discusses ways to accelerate parturition, which is the process of giving birth. The Westcar Papyrus, from 1700 BCE, provides instructions for calculating expected dates of confinement. It also describes different styles of birth chairs.

Ancient Roman relief carving of a midwife Wellcome M0003964
Ancient Roman relief carving of a midwife Wellcome M0003964

In Greco-Roman antiquity, midwives were categorized into different levels. Some were village women following folk traditions. Others were highly trained women considered medical specialists. In the 2nd century, the physician Soranus of Ephesus described the qualities of a good midwife. He stated they should be literate and have a good memory. He also recommended they be sympathetic and keep their hands soft for comfort. In the East, some midwives even advanced to become gynecologists. These women were respected enough to publish medical works.

Eucharius Rößlin Rosgarten Childbirth
Eucharius Rößlin Rosgarten Childbirth

Ancient midwives used specific methods to assist during delivery. Many believed a normal delivery was easier if a woman sat upright. To help this, they used a special birthstool or chair. These chairs often had a crescent-shaped hole for the baby to pass through. The midwife would sit facing the mother to provide support and instruction. She might offer advice on breathing or massage the perineum. Assistants might also help by pushing on the top of the mother's abdomen.

Ancient Roman relief carving of a midwife Wellcome M0003964
Ancient Roman relief carving of a midwife Wellcome M0003964

After the birth, the midwife performed several essential tasks. She received the infant and placed them in pieces of cloth. She then cut the umbilical cord and cleansed the baby. To soak up birth residue, midwives used substances like fine salt, natron, or aphronitre. They also cleaned the baby's nose, mouth, ears, and anus. Soranus suggested using olive oil to cleanse the baby's eyes. Finally, the midwife inspected the newborn for any congenital deformities. She would listen to the baby's cry to judge if they were robust and hearty.

Today, midwifery remains vital across many different cultures. In Zimbabwe, midwifery is a very traditional way to handle pregnancy and childbirth. The World Health Organization states that women should be able to give birth where they feel safest. For some women, this means an at-home birth with a midwife. Modern research shows that continuity models also provide a cost-saving effect. This makes midwifery an important part of global healthcare systems.

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🖼️ Images & Media (8)
File:Ancient Roman relief carving of a midwife Wellcome M0003964.jpg
Ancient Roman relief carving of a midwife...
File:Midwife home appointment.jpg
Midwife home appointment.jpg
File:Midwife's case and contents.jpg
Midwife's case and contents.jpg
File:Australian Clinical Midwifery Facilitator Florence West teaches training midwives at the Pacific Adventist University PAU, outskirts of Port Moresby, PNG. (10674496146).jpg
Australian Clinical Midwifery Facilitator...
File:Cambodian Midwife Project (10678944753).jpg
Cambodian Midwife Project (10678944753).jpg
File:"Dr. William Hunter at a confinement" Wellcome L0015724.jpg
"Dr. William Hunter at a confinement"...
File:Рождество-Богородицы-Ростов-XVII crop.jpg
Рождество-Богородицы-Ростов-XVII crop.jpg
File:Eucharius Rößlin Rosgarten Childbirth.jpg
Eucharius Rößlin Rosgarten Childbirth.jpg
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