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Mesha Stele

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The Mesha Stele, often called the Moabite Stone, is a massive basalt block. It is a vital piece of ancient history from the 9th century BCE. This stone contains a long inscription in the Moabite language. It is the longest Iron Age inscription ever found in the Southern Levant region. This area includes modern-day Jordan and Israel. The stone serves as a primary source for understanding the Moabite language. It also provides a look at the political conflicts of that era.

Mesha Stele drawing
Mesha Stele drawing

The inscription details the actions of King Mesha of Moab. Mesha was the ruler of a kingdom located in modern Jordan. He describes how the Kingdom of Israel, led by King Omri, once oppressed Moab. Mesha claims this happened because his god, Chemosh, was angry with his people. The text explains that Chemosh eventually returned to help Mesha. Mesha describes winning battles against the people of Israel and the men of Gad. He also details many building projects he completed. These included walls, towers, a royal palace, and even water reservoirs. He even instructed his people to dig wells in their own homes.

Amman BW 8
Amman BW 8

The physical object is a smoothed block of dark basalt. It measures about one meter in height. It is also 60 cm wide and 60 cm thick. The surviving text consists of 34 lines of writing. The script is a variant of the Phoenician alphabet. This script is very closely related to the Paleo-Hebrew script. The stone is a major piece of Semitic epigraphy. This means it is a foundational text for studying ancient written languages. It offers a unique perspective that sometimes parallels stories found in the Bible's Books of Kings.

The discovery of the stone happened in August 1868. An Anglican missionary named Frederick Augustus Klein found it intact. He was at the site of ancient Dibon, which is now Dhiban, Jordan. A man named Sattam Al-Fayez helped lead Klein to the stone. At this time, many explorers were searching for evidence related to the Bible. The discovery caused a race between France, Britain, and Germany. Each nation wanted to acquire the precious artifact for its own collections.

Mesha Stele drawing
Mesha Stele drawing

The history of the stone involves a period of destruction. Before the stone was lost, a "squeeze" was made. A squeeze is a papier-mâché impression of the writing. An Arab named Yacoub Caravacca obtained this for the archaeologist Charles Simon Clermont-Ganneau. In November 1869, the Bani Hamida tribe smashed the stele into fragments. They did this in defiance of the Ottoman authorities. The tribe heated the stone in a bonfire and then threw cold water on it. They used boulders to break the pieces. Fortunately, Clermont-Ganneau used the paper squeeze to help reconstruct the text.

Amman BW 8
Amman BW 8

Archaeologists have recovered many of the original letters. There are about 1,000 letters in total in the inscription. Of these, 613 letters were recovered from the original fragments. The fragments are divided into different parts. The top right fragment has 150 letters. The bottom right fragment contains 358 letters. Other pieces contain 38 and 67 letters respectively. The remaining parts were reconstructed using the earlier papier-mâché impression. This careful work allowed historians to read the full story of King Mesha.

Amman BW 8
Amman BW 8

The Mesha Stele is highly significant for several reasons. It is one of only four known contemporary inscriptions that mention the name of Israel. The other examples include the Merneptah Stele, the Tel Dan Stele, and the Kurkh Monoliths.

Tel dan inscription
Tel dan inscription

It also contains the earliest certain extrabiblical reference to the Israelite God, Yahweh. While some scholars once debated its authenticity, most modern archaeologists view it as a genuine historical record. Since 1873, the stone has been part of the Louvre Museum in Paris. However, Jordan has requested the return of the stone since 2014.

Amman BW 8
Amman BW 8
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File:Mesha Stele drawing.png
Mesha Stele drawing.png
File:Tel dan inscription.png
Tel dan inscription.png
File:Amman BW 8.JPG
Amman BW 8.JPG
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