Nepedia
Back to Discover
Advanced Reader
📖

Code of Hammurabi

society Maturity 9-11 Next article →

The Code of Hammurabi is a massive collection of ancient laws. It was composed around 1753 BC in the ancient Near East. This text is part of the Old Babylonian period. It is famous because it is the longest and best-organized legal text from that era.

Code of Hammurabi IMG 1937
Code of Hammurabi IMG 1937

Scholars study it to understand the complex structure of early Mesopotamian society. It serves as a vital window into how ancient people managed justice, property, and family life.

The laws use a specific logical structure called casuistic phrasing. This means the text uses "if... then" conditional sentences to explain rules. For example, if a specific action occurs, then a specific consequence follows.

Code of Hammurabi IMG 1937
Code of Hammurabi IMG 1937

The scope of these laws is incredibly broad. They cover criminal law and family law. They also include property law and commercial law. This systematic approach helped organize the many different parts of Babylonian life.

The text is divided into two main sections. The first part consists of a prologue and an epilogue. These sections are written in a poetic style and make up about one-fifth of the total text. The remaining four-fifths of the text consist of the actual laws.

Prologue code Lipit-Ishtar AO 5473
Prologue code Lipit-Ishtar AO 5473

In the prologue, Hammurabi explains his divine right to rule. He claims the gods gave him power to prevent the strong from oppressing the weak. This shows how law and religion were deeply connected in Babylon.

Hammurabi was the sixth king of the First Dynasty of Babylon. He ruled from approximately 1792 BC to 1750 BC.

Hammurabi's Babylonia 1
Hammurabi's Babylonia 1

He was a powerful leader who used military strength and diplomacy to expand his territory. He conquered the land of Larsa and gained territory from places like Eshnunna, Elam, and Mari. Despite his aggressive foreign policy, his letters show he cared for his subjects. He often described himself as a shepherd to his people.

The most famous version of the Code is inscribed on a tall basalt stele. A stele is a stone slab used for monuments or inscriptions.

F0182 Louvre Code Hammourabi Bas-relief Sb8 rwk
F0182 Louvre Code Hammourabi Bas-relief Sb8 rwk

At the top of the stele is a relief image. It shows Hammurabi standing before Shamash, the Babylonian sun god and god of justice. Shamash is often shown with a horned crown and flames on his shoulders. This image suggests that the king's laws were supported by divine authority.

Archaeologists rediscovered the primary stele in 1901 at the site of Susa. Susa is located in present-day Iran.

Cours de M. le professeur Scheil (Assyriologie), la Sorbonne, École des hautes études
Cours de M. le professeur Scheil (Assyriologie), la Sorbonne, École des hautes études

The stele had been taken to Susa as plunder 600 years after it was created. It was excavated by a French team led by Jacques de Morgan. The text contains about 4,130 lines of cuneiform writing. Cuneiform is the wedge-shaped writing system used in ancient Mesopotamia. Today, the stele is housed in the Louvre Museum.

Many other copies of the Code have been found throughout history. There are over 50 known manuscripts containing these laws. They were found in many cities like Babylon, Nineveh, and Nippur.

Library of Ashurbanipal
Library of Ashurbanipal

These copies were used by scribes for over a thousand years. Some were even part of the school curriculum for students. This proves how important the Code remained to Mesopotamian culture long after Hammurabi died.

The Code has had a lasting impact on how we think about law. Many scholars compare it to the Mosaic Law found in the Bible.

Both collections share the "eye for an eye" principle. This idea focuses on a direct relationship between a crime and its punishment. The Code is still honored today as a landmark in the history of human justice.

Hammurabi bas-relief in the U.S. House of Representatives chamber
Hammurabi bas-relief in the U.S. House of Representatives chamber
581 words

Where will your curiosity go next?

Keep exploring at your chosen reading level.

🖼️ Images & Media (9)
File:Hammurabi's Babylonia 1.svg
Hammurabi's Babylonia 1.svg
File:Cours de M. le professeur Scheil (Assyriologie), la Sorbonne, École des hautes études.jpg
Cours de M. le professeur Scheil...
File:F0182 Louvre Code Hammourabi Bas-relief Sb8 rwk.jpg
F0182 Louvre Code Hammourabi Bas-relief...
File:Enki(Ea).jpg
Enki(Ea).jpg
File:Library of Ashurbanipal.jpg
Library of Ashurbanipal.jpg
File:Code of Hammurabi IMG 1937.JPG
Code of Hammurabi IMG 1937.JPG
File:Prologue code Lipit-Ishtar AO 5473.jpg
Prologue code Lipit-Ishtar AO 5473.jpg
File:Moses receives the Law, Leo Bible (Vatican, Biblioteca Vaticana MS. Reg. gr. 1), folio 155v, c. 930–940, 41 x 27 cm.jpg
Moses receives the Law, Leo Bible...
File:Hammurabi bas-relief in the U.S. House of Representatives chamber.jpg
Hammurabi bas-relief in the U.S. House of...
More to explore

🔬 Go deeper

More advanced topics to explore

🪜 Step back

Simpler topics to build understanding

What is Nepedia?

A free, ad-free encyclopedia for children. Every article is written at five reading levels, so the same page works for a five-year-old and a fifteen-year-old — use the level switcher above to see this one change. No account needed to read.