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Meister Eckhart

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Meister Eckhart was a significant German Catholic priest, theologian, philosopher, and mystic. He lived during the Avignon Papacy, a period marked by high tensions between various religious groups. These tensions existed between different monastic orders, the diocesan clergy, the Franciscan Order, and Eckhart's own Dominican Order.

Portal Predigerkirche Erfurt
Portal Predigerkirche Erfurt

As a mystic, Eckhart focused on deep, direct spiritual experiences. His life and teachings eventually became the subject of intense scrutiny by church authorities. Today, he is studied by scholars within the medieval scholastic and philosophical traditions. He also holds a prominent status in contemporary popular spirituality.

Eckhart's early life remains somewhat mysterious due to limited historical records. He was likely born around 1260 in the village of Tambach, near Gotha. This area was part of the Landgraviate of Thuringia in the Holy Roman Empire. While some older studies claimed he was from a noble family, modern research suggests this was a mistake. His surname was von Hochheim, and his given name was Eckhart.

MS Soest 33, fol. 57v, a–b
MS Soest 33, fol. 57v, a–b

Around the year 1278, at age eighteen, he joined the Dominican convent in Erfurt. It is widely assumed he studied in Cologne before 1280, as he frequently cited the scholar Albert the Great. He may have also studied at the University of Paris during his development.

Eckhart's professional career was defined by prestigious teaching roles and administrative leadership. The first firm evidence of his career appears on April 18, 1294. On this date, he preached the Easter Sermon, known as the Sermo Paschalis, at the Dominican convent of St. Jacques in Paris. By late 1294, he served as the Prior at Erfurt and the Dominican Provincial of Thuringia. In 1303, he returned to Paris to hold the external Dominican chair of theology. This was a major academic position. In 1303, he also became the Provincial superior for Saxony. This role gave him responsibility for forty-seven different convents.

Portal Predigerkirche Erfurt
Portal Predigerkirche Erfurt

His academic reputation was exceptionally high among his peers. In May 1311, he was appointed as a teacher in Paris once again. Being invited back to teach in Paris was a very rare privilege. Only one other famous thinker, Thomas Aquinas, had been granted this honor previously. He remained in Paris for two academic years until the summer of 1313. After his time in Paris, he spent time in Strasbourg. During this period, he focused on spiritual direction and preaching within Dominican convents. He was highly active in providing guidance to various pious lay groups, such as the Friends of God.

Despite his success, Eckhart's teachings eventually drew the attention of the Inquisition. In 1325, the Dominican General Chapter in Venice expressed concern about certain friars in Teutonia. They worried that some sermons could lead uneducated people into error. This was part of a broader fear regarding the "Heresy of the Free Spirit." In 1326, the archbishop of Cologne ordered an inquisitorial trial against Eckhart.

Meister-Ekkehard-Portal der Erfurter Predigerkirche
Meister-Ekkehard-Portal der Erfurter Predigerkirche

Eckhart attempted to defend his orthodoxy through several written documents. He even issued a Vindicatory Document to support his teachings. On February 13, 1327, he preached a sermon in Cologne and had his secretary read a public protest of his innocence. He translated this protest into German so the public could understand his defense.

Eckhart's legal battle moved to the highest levels of the Church. He denied the authority of the local inquisitors and appealed directly to the Pope in Avignon. Pope John XXII established two separate tribunals to investigate the matter. One commission consisted of theologians, while the other consisted of cardinals. These commissions reviewed 150 suspect articles, eventually reducing them to 28. The resulting document, the Votum Avenionense, recorded the articles, Eckhart's defenses, and the commissioners' rebuttals. Most scholars believe Eckhart died around January 28, 1328, before the final verdict was officially delivered.

In March 1329, Pope John XXII issued a formal document known as a bull, titled *In agro dominico*. This bull characterized certain statements by Eckhart as heretical or suspected of heresy. The Pope may have issued this even after Eckhart's death to address the growing concern over mystical heresy. The document stated that Eckhart had recanted his views before dying. In more recent history, the Dominican Order has sought his full rehabilitation. While Pope John Paul II spoke favorably of Eckhart, his official status within the Church remains a subject of complex discussion. He continues to be a major figure for those studying medieval philosophy and mysticism.

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File:Predigerkloster Erfurt.jpg
Predigerkloster Erfurt.jpg
File:Portal Predigerkirche Erfurt.JPG
Portal Predigerkirche Erfurt.JPG
File:Meister-Ekkehard-Portal der Erfurter Predigerkirche.jpg
Meister-Ekkehard-Portal der Erfurter...
File:MS Soest 33, fol. 57v, a–b.jpg
MS Soest 33, fol. 57v, a–b.jpg
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