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Maxilla

life science Maturity 9-11 Next article →

The maxilla is a critical bone in the vertebrate skull. In humans, it serves as the upper jaw. It is a paired bone, meaning there are two maxillae. These two bones join together at the intermaxillary suture. This connection forms a small point called the anterior nasal spine. While the lower jaw, or mandible, is movable, the maxilla is generally fixed in place.

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Gray161

This stability is important for many bodily functions. The maxilla helps build the structure of the face. It also forms the boundaries for several important cavities in the head.

The anatomy of the maxilla is quite complex. The main body of the bone is pyramid-shaped. It features several distinct surfaces, including the orbital, nasal, infratemporal, and facial surfaces. The bone also has four specific processes. These are the zygomatic process, the frontal process, the alveolar process, the palatine process, and the orbital surface. The alveolar process is particularly important. It forms the maxillary arch, which holds the upper teeth in place.

Sobo 1909 100 - Palatine process of maxilla
Sobo 1909 100 - Palatine process of maxilla

Inside the bone, there is a hollow space called the maxillary sinus. The bone also contains paths like the infraorbital canal and the incisive foramen.

Because of its shape, the maxilla helps create several structural boundaries. It assists in forming the roof of the mouth, also known as the hard palate. It also forms the floor and the lateral wall of the nasal cavity. Additionally, the maxilla helps build the walls of the orbit, which is the eye socket. It contributes to the formation of two fossae: the infratemporal and pterygopalatine. It also helps form two fissures, which are narrow openings called the inferior orbital and pterygomaxillary fissures.

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Gray162

Scientists have different theories about how the maxilla develops. Some researchers, such as Mall and Fawcett, suggest the bone ossifies from two centers. One center is for the maxilla proper, and the other is for the premaxilla. These centers appear during the sixth week of prenatal development. They unite by the beginning of the third month of development. However, the suture between these two parts can remain on the palate until nearly middle life.

Gray162
Gray162

Other older descriptions suggested the bone might ossify from six different centers. These included the orbitonasal, zygomatic, palatine, premaxillary, nasal, and infravomerine centers.

The appearance of the maxilla changes significantly as a person ages. At birth, the bone is wider than it is tall. The frontal process is very well-marked at this stage. Most of the bone consists of the alveolar process, with tooth sockets reaching almost to the floor of the orbit. The maxillary sinus appears only as a shallow groove on the nasal surface. As an adult grows, the vertical diameter becomes the largest part of the bone. This change happens because the alveolar process and the maxillary sinus increase in size.

Gray161
Gray161

The maxilla connects with many other parts of the skull. Each maxilla articulates with nine different bones. These include the frontal, ethmoid, nasal, zygomatic, lacrimal, and palatine bones. It also connects with the vomer and the inferior nasal concha. Finally, it joins with the maxilla on the opposite side of the face.

FracLeftNasalBoneMark
FracLeftNasalBoneMark

Because it is a facial bone, it can be injured. A maxilla fracture is a type of facial fracture. These often result from trauma like falls or automobile accidents. Doctors use the Le Fort classification to categorize these fractures.

Different animals show different ways of forming the upper jaw. In most vertebrates, the very front part of the upper jaw is a separate pair of bones called the premaxillae. In humans, these fuse with the maxilla. In bony fish, amphibians, and reptiles, the maxilla and premaxilla are plate-like bones. They form the sides of the upper jaw and part of the face. In birds, the upper jaw is called the upper mandible and consists mainly of the premaxilla. Cartilaginous fish, like sharks, do not have a true maxilla. Their upper jaw is instead a cartilaginous bar that is not homologous to the bone in other vertebrates.

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File:Sobo 1909 100 - Palatine process of maxilla.png
Sobo 1909 100 - Palatine process of maxilla.png
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Gray161.png
File:Gray162.png
Gray162.png
File:FracLeftNasalBoneMark.png
FracLeftNasalBoneMark.png
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