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Mandala

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A mandala is a complex geometric configuration of symbols used in various spiritual traditions.

Vishnu Mandala
Vishnu Mandala

These patterns serve many purposes for religious practitioners. They can be tools for focusing attention or aids for meditation and trance induction. Some traditions use them to establish a sacred space or as spiritual guidance. In Eastern religions like Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, and Shinto, mandalas often act as maps. They may represent deities, paradises, or even actual shrines.

Taizokai
Taizokai

In the Hindu tradition, a basic mandala is often called a yantra.

Rangoli, Ganesh
Rangoli, Ganesh

A yantra typically takes the form of a square with four gates. These gates are generally shaped like the letter T. Inside the square, there is a circle with a central point. Yantras are often smaller than mandalas and use a more limited color palette. They can be two-dimensional or three-dimensional compositions. Practitioners use them in rituals known as puja or sadhanas. Many believe the yantra represents the abode of a deity. Each unique design is meant to call the deity into the presence of the practitioner. Some scholars suggest yantras function as instructional charts of the spiritual human experience.

Buddhism employs mandalas in several distinct ways across its different branches. In Vajrayana Buddhism, mandalas are central to Anuttarayoga Tantra meditation practices. They can represent the nature of an enlightened mind or a "Pure Land."

Some mandalas represent the entire universe. These often place Mount Meru at the center as the axis mundi. This center point is surrounded by continents, oceans, and mountains. One example is a silk tapestry from the Yuan dynasty that depicts Tibetan cosmology. This specific mandala was given to China from Nepal and Tibet.

Many Buddhist mandalas use specific symbols to teach deep lessons. An outer circle of fire often symbolizes wisdom. A ring of eight charnel grounds may be included to represent impermanence. This ring reminds practitioners to be mindful of the transient nature of life.

Buddha mandala
Buddha mandala

Inside these outer rings, one finds the walls of the mandala palace. This palace is populated by various Buddhas and deities. One famous type is the mandala of the "Five Buddhas." These represent different aspects of enlightenment. These include the Buddhas Vairocana, Aksobhya, Ratnasambhava, Amitabha, and Amoghasiddhi. When paired with a mandala of the Five Wisdom Kings, it forms the Mandala of the Two Realms.

Sand mandalas are a unique and highly ritualized form of Buddhist art.

MandalaSable2008-05
MandalaSable2008-05

These colorful patterns are created by monks who have trained for three to five years. The process is a meditation on impermanence. After days or weeks of work, the intricate sand pattern is destroyed. The sand is brushed into a pile and spilled into running water. This act symbolizes that life is constantly changing. This practice is common among the Buddhist Newars of Nepal. It serves as a way to spread the blessings of the mandala through the water.

Different schools of Buddhism have developed their own specialized mandalas. In Shingon Buddhism, the founder Kūkai brought two central mandalas from China. These are the Mandala of the Womb Realm and the Mandala of the Diamond Realm. New students use these in initiation rituals called abhiseka. In Nichiren Buddhism, followers use a hanging scroll or wooden tablet called a Gohonzon.

NICHIREN SHŌNIN ICHIDAI ZUE 1858 Mandala
NICHIREN SHŌNIN ICHIDAI ZUE 1858 Mandala

This object contains inscriptions that represent Buddhist enlightenment. Pure Land Buddhism also uses mandalas as teaching aids. The Taima mandala in Japan dates back to approximately 763 CE. It provides a visual representation of sacred texts rather than being used for esoteric ritual.

In some traditions, the mandala is used as a symbolic offering. This is known as a "mandala offering" in Tibetan Buddhism. The practitioner symbolically offers the entire universe to a teacher or to the Buddhas. Within Vajrayana practice, a student might perform 100,000 of these offerings. This is done to create merit before beginning actual tantric practices. Whether they are made of silk, wood, or sand, mandalas connect the physical world to spiritual concepts. They turn abstract ideas about the universe and the mind into visible, geometric forms.

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🖼️ Images & Media (12)
File:Manjuvajramandala con 43 divinità - Unknown - Google Cultural Institute.jpg
Manjuvajramandala con 43 divinità -...
File:Taizokai.jpg
Taizokai.jpg
File:Vishnu Mandala.jpg
Vishnu Mandala.jpg
File:Painted 17th century Tibetan 'Five Deity Mandala', in the center is Rakta Yamari (the Red Enemy of Death) embracing his consort Vajra Vetali, in the corners are the Red, Green White and Yellow Yamari.jpg
Painted 17th century Tibetan 'Five Deity...
File:Buddha mandala.jpg
Buddha mandala.jpg
File:Painted 19th century Tibetan mandala of the Naropa tradition, Vajrayogini stands in the center of two crossed red triangles, Rubin Museum of Art.jpg
Painted 19th century Tibetan mandala of...
File:Rangoli, Ganesh.jpg
Rangoli, Ganesh.jpg
File:Chenrezig Sand Mandala.jpg
Chenrezig Sand Mandala.jpg
File:NICHIREN SHŌNIN ICHIDAI ZUE 1858 Mandala.jpg
NICHIREN SHŌNIN ICHIDAI ZUE 1858 Mandala.jpg
File:Pure Land Mandala (Kyushu National Museum).jpg
Pure Land Mandala (Kyushu National Museum).jpg
File:MandalaSable2008-05.JPG
MandalaSable2008-05.JPG
File:Fig. S6. Phylogenetic subtree of P4ATPase in Fungi. Blue- Ascomycota; Red- Basidiomycota; Green- Zygomycota; Cyan- Chytridiomycota; Orange- Entomophthoromycota; Pink- Mucoromycota and Purple- Glomeromycota..jpg
Fig. S6. Phylogenetic subtree of P4ATPase...
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