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Mount Meru

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Mount Meru is a sacred mountain central to several major religious traditions. It appears in Hindu, Jain, and Buddhist cosmologies. Many followers revere it as the center of all physical and spiritual universes. It is often described as the junction of four great cosmic continents. These continents are named Pubbavideha Dīpa, Uttarakuru Dīpa, Amaragoyāna Dīpa, and Jambu Dīpa.

Bhutanese thanka of Mt. Meru and the Buddhist Universe
Bhutanese thanka of Mt. Meru and the Buddhist Universe

Scholars find it difficult to determine a specific geophysical location for the mountain. Its dimensions are described in ways that suggest a cosmic rather than earthly scale. Some researchers link the mountain to the Pamir Mountains northwest of Kashmir. Other theories place it in the Himalayan Mountains or the Aravalli Range in western India. A ninth-century text called the Narapatijayacharyasvarodaya notes a curious idea. It states that Sumeru is heard to be at the center of the Earth but is not seen there.

The cosmic tortoise, and Mount Meru
The cosmic tortoise, and Mount Meru

In Buddhist cosmology, Mount Meru serves as the axis of the world. The mountain is exceptionally large according to different sacred texts. The Abhidharmakośabhāṣyam describes it as 80,000 yojanas wide and 80,000 yojanas high. However, the Long Āgama Sutra gives a height of 84,000 yojanas. The mountain is said to have four distinct faces made of precious materials. The northern face is gold, the eastern face is crystal, the southern face is lapis lazuli, and the western face is ruby. At the very peak lies Trāyastriṃśa, the realm of the ruler Śakra. The Sun and the Moon revolve around the mountain, creating night as the Sun passes behind it.

Hinduism provides several different versions of the mountain's role and features. Some texts describe Meru as a stairway to Svarga, a heaven where devas reside. It is seen as a connection between the earth, the underworld, and heaven. The height is often cited as 84,000 yojanas, which is about 85 times the diameter of the Earth. Using a measurement where one yojana is roughly 11.5 kilometers, this translates to about 672,000 miles.

The cosmic tortoise, and Mount Meru
The cosmic tortoise, and Mount Meru

Many Hindu deities are associated with the mountain or its surroundings. The god Shiva is said to reside on top of the mountain at Kailasha. The god Kubera is believed to live near a golden gate by a lake called Alaka. The Mahabharata describes the mountain as gleaming with gold when sunlight hits it. It is said to contain lovely woods, lakes, and rivers filled with fruit trees and precious stones. The Vishnu Purana describes the mountain as a pillar of the world located at the heart of six mountain ranges. This arrangement is said to symbolize a lotus flower.

Jain cosmology also places Mount Meru at the center of the world. It is surrounded by a circle known as Jambūdvīpa. This circle has a diameter of 100,000 yojanas. An interesting feature in this tradition is the presence of two sets of celestial bodies. One set of suns, moons, and stars revolves around the mountain while the other set rests behind it. The tradition also holds that the god Indra takes every Tirthankara to the summit after their birth. There, the child is bathed and celebrated by many Devas.

Because of its importance, the concept of Mount Meru has deeply influenced architecture. Many temples are built as symbolic representations of the mountain. In India, the Shikhara style uses a "peak" design to mimic the summit. This can be seen in the 8th-century Harshat Mata and Harshnath temples. These ideas spread to Bali through Meru towers and to China through the Sumeru Throne style in pagodas. In Myanmar, the pointed finials on pyatthat roofs also represent the mountain. These structures allow the idea of the sacred center to exist in the physical world.

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File:Bhutanese thanka of Mt. Meru and the Buddhist Universe.jpg
Bhutanese thanka of Mt. Meru and the...
File:The cosmic tortoise, and Mount Meru.jpg
The cosmic tortoise, and Mount Meru.jpg
File:Mount Meru.jpg
Mount Meru.jpg
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