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Maithili language

language culture Maturity 11-13 Next article →

{

"text": "Maithili is a vibrant Indo-Aryan language. It belongs to the Mithila region. This area covers parts of India and Nepal. In India, it is spoken in Bihar and Jharkhand. In Nepal, it is spoken in Koshi and Madhesh Provinces. About 17 million people speak Maithili. Of these, 3.2 million are in Nepal. Maithili is a vital part of cultural identity. It is one of the 22 scheduled languages of India. It also serves as an official language in several Nepalese provinces.

The consonants of the Mithilakshar script and the corresponding Devnagari
The consonants of the Mithilakshar script and the corresponding Devnagari

\n\nMost people write Maithili using the Devanagari script. This is a common script for many Indian languages. However, historical scripts still hold great value. The Tirhuta script is also known as Mithilakshar. Another historical script is the Kaithi script. These scripts connect modern speakers to their ancestors. Writing in these styles preserves the visual history of the Mithila region.

Devanagari extended AY
Devanagari extended AY

\n\nMaithili has many distinct dialects. These are different ways of speaking the same language. The standard form is called Sotipura. This is also known as Central Maithili. It is spoken in many districts of India and Nepal. The Bajjika dialect is often called Western Maithili. It is spoken in parts of Bihar and Nepal. The Thēthi dialect is found in the Kosi and Purnia divisions. Another dialect is Angika, spoken around Bhagalpur and Banka. Some linguists also view Kochila Tharu as a variety of Maithili. All these dialects are intelligible to native speakers. This means they can understand each other despite the differences.\n\nThe name Maithili comes from the ancient kingdom of Mithila. This kingdom was ruled by King Janaka. The language is also linked to Sita, the daughter of King Janaka. The earliest traces of the language appear in the Charyapadas. These are Buddhist mystical verses from 700 to 1300 AD. They were written in a style called Sandhya bhasa. Many Siddhas from the Mithila region wrote these verses. Scholars believe these texts show signs of ancient or proto-Maithili.

Тірхутська буква GА. Tirhuta letter GA
Тірхутська буква GА. Tirhuta letter GA

\n\nMaithili literature saw great growth in the 14th century. During this time, the Karnat dynasty provided patronage. Jyotirishwar Thakur wrote a famous work called Varna Ratnakara. This is the earliest known prose text in a modern Indian language. He wrote it using the Mithilakshar script. Later, the poet Vidyapati Thakur became very famous. He lived from 1360 to 1450. He wrote over 1,000 songs about love and daily life. His songs influenced religious literature in Assam and Bengal. Even the poet Rabindranath Tagore was inspired by his work.

\n\nModern history has seen many efforts to protect Maithili. In 1910, the Maithil Mahasabha was established. This organization worked for the development of Mithila. It campaigned for the official recognition of the language. In 2003, Maithili was included in the Eighth Schedule of the Indian Constitution. This allowed its use in government and education. In 2018, Jharkhand recognized it as a second official language. On November 26, 2024, the President of India launched a Maithili version of the Indian constitution.

\n\nThe sounds of Maithili are quite unique. It uses various vowels and consonants. All vowels have nasal counterparts. This is shown with a mark called a chandrabindu. There are also specific diphthongs, which are two vowel sounds joined together. For example, the sounds for \"like this\" or \"come please\" are distinct. Recently, a phonetic change called epenthesis has been noticed. This involves moving the sounds of \"i\" and \"u\" in certain words. This shows that Maithili is a living, changing language. It continues to evolve with its speakers every day.",

"media": [

"File:The consonants of the Mithilakshar script and the corresponding Devnagari.jpg",

"File:Devanagari extended AY.jpg",

"File:Тірхутська буква GА. Tirhuta letter GA.png",

"File:Тірхутська буква CA. png",

"File:Тірхутська буква NYA.png",

"File:Тірхутська буква RA. png"

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}

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🖼️ Images & Media (63)
File:Devanagari extended AY.jpg
Devanagari extended AY.jpg
File:Devanagari extended AY vowelsign.jpg
Devanagari extended AY vowelsign.jpg
File:The consonants of the Mithilakshar script and the corresponding Devnagari.jpg
The consonants of the Mithilakshar script...
File:Тірхутська буква КА. Tirhuta letter КA.png
Тірхутська буква КА. Tirhuta letter КA.png
File:Тірхутська буква КHА. Tirhuta letter КHA.png
Тірхутська буква КHА. Tirhuta letter КHA.png
File:Тірхутська буква GА. Tirhuta letter GA.png
Тірхутська буква GА. Tirhuta letter GA.png
File:Тірхутська буква GHА. Tirhuta letter GHA.png
Тірхутська буква GHА. Tirhuta letter GHA.png
File:Тірхутська буква NGА. Tirhuta letter NGA.png
Тірхутська буква NGА. Tirhuta letter NGA.png
File:Тірхутська буква СА. Tirhuta letter CA.png
Тірхутська буква СА. Tirhuta letter CA.png
File:Тірхутська буква CHА. Tirhuta letter CHA.png
Тірхутська буква CHА. Tirhuta letter CHA.png
File:Тірхутська буква JА. Tirhuta letter JA.png
Тірхутська буква JА. Tirhuta letter JA.png
File:Тірхутська буква JHА. Tirhuta letter JHA.png
Тірхутська буква JHА. Tirhuta letter JHA.png

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