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Macrinus

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Macrinus was a Roman emperor who ruled from April 217 to June 218.

Silver Antoninianus of Macrinus
Silver Antoninianus of Macrinus

He shared power with his young son, Diadumenianus. Macrinus was the first emperor from the equestrian class. This means he came from a social rank below the senatorial class. He was also the first emperor of Mauretanian descent. He was born in Caesarea, which is now called Cherchell in modern Algeria. His family was of Berber origins.

Macrinus hieroglyphics
Macrinus hieroglyphics

Before becoming emperor, Macrinus was a skilled lawyer and a bureaucrat. He served as a prefect of the Praetorian Guard. This was a group of elite soldiers who protected the emperor. He worked under Emperor Caracalla. In the spring of 217, Macrinus conspired to have Caracalla murdered. Some traditions say a prophecy claimed Macrinus would replace the emperor. After the murder, Macrinus was proclaimed emperor on 11 April 217. He was based in the eastern provinces and never visited Rome during his reign.

Macrinus faced massive problems when he took power. The Roman treasury was nearly empty. Caracalla had been a profligate spender, especially on the military. He had increased soldier pay from 2,000 to 3,000 sesterces per year. This left Rome in a dire fiscal situation. Additionally, the empire was at war with several kingdoms. These included Parthia, Armenia, and Dacia. Macrinus had to use diplomacy to find peace.

He worked hard to restore stability through many diplomatic actions. He settled a peace deal with the Parthians in 217. In exchange, Macrinus had to pay a large indemnity to the Parthian ruler, Artabanus IV. He also made peace with Armenia. He released the family of Khosrov I and restored Armenia to its status as a client kingdom. He even made peace with the Dacians. These actions showed he preferred diplomacy over military conflict.

To fix the economy, Macrinus enacted important fiscal reforms. He revalued the Roman currency to increase stability. He increased the silver purity and weight of the denarius. At the end of Caracalla's reign, it was 50.78 percent pure and 1.66 grams. Under Macrinus, it rose to 57.85 percent pure and 1.82 grams. He also changed how the military was paid. He let veteran soldiers keep their high pay. However, he reduced the pay for new recruits.

Aureus Macrinus-RIC 0079
Aureus Macrinus-RIC 0079

These economic changes caused great unrest in the Roman military. The veteran soldiers felt that reducing new pay was a threat to their own privileges. This loss of popularity made Macrinus vulnerable. A woman named Julia Maesa saw this opportunity. She was the aunt of Caracalla and had an immense fortune. She began a rebellion to install her fourteen-year-old grandson, Elagabalus, as emperor. She told soldiers that Elagabalus was the illegitimate son of Caracalla.

In May 218, the Legio III Gallica proclaimed Elagabalus emperor. Macrinus tried to fight back by making his son, Diadumenianus, a co-emperor.

Aureus Macrinus-RIC 0079
Aureus Macrinus-RIC 0079

However, the rebels were too strong. On 8 June 218, the two sides fought at the Battle of Antioch. Macrinus lost the battle and fled the field. He tried to reach Rome but was captured in Chalcedon. He was later executed in Cappadocia. His son, Diadumenianus, was also captured and killed in June 218. After their deaths, the Senate practiced damnatio memoriae. This meant they struck his name from all records and destroyed his images.

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File:Silver Antoninianus of Macrinus.jpg
Silver Antoninianus of Macrinus.jpg
File:Macrinus hieroglyphics.png
Macrinus hieroglyphics.png
File:Aureus Macrinus-RIC 0079.jpg
Aureus Macrinus-RIC 0079.jpg
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