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Lloyd Morrisett

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Lloyd Newton Morrisett Jr. was a prominent American experimental psychologist and philanthropist. His career spanned education, communications, and large-scale social support. He is most famous for co-founding the Children's Television Workshop, now called Sesame Workshop. This organization created the landmark educational program Sesame Street. Morrisett combined his scientific knowledge of learning with new media to reach children. His work helped transform how television could serve as a tool for early childhood education.

Morrisett's scientific foundation began with his studies in psychology. He earned a BA in philosophy from Oberlin College in 1951. He later pursued graduate work at UCLA under Irving Maltzman. Maltzman specialized in human learning, creativity, and thinking. Morrisett eventually attended Yale University to earn a PhD in experimental psychology. At Yale, he apprenticed with Carl I. Hovland. Hovland founded the Yale Communications and Attitude Change program. This mentorship sparked Morrisett's lifelong interest in how information is communicated.

As a doctoral student, Morrisett explored the relationship between thought and physical action. His dissertation was titled "The Role of Implicit Practice in Learning." He investigated whether thinking about a task could improve performance. He tested this using activities like long-distance dart throwing and two-handed coordination. He concluded that thinking about dart throwing did not improve results. However, thinking about coordination tasks did help performance. This research is now recognized as an early contribution to the field of sports psychology.

After his academic training, Morrisett moved into the world of philanthropy. He joined the Carnegie Corporation of New York in 1959. He eventually rose to the position of vice president. During his ten years there, he focused on early education and human creativity. He became concerned with the educational disadvantages faced by poor and minority children. Morrisett directed six experiments to test different teaching methods for children. While these experiments were effective, they only reached a few hundred students. He realized he needed a much larger platform to close the education gap.

In 1965, Morrisett observed his three-year-old daughter, Sarah, watching television. He noticed she had memorized many television jingles. This observation led to a central hypothesis. If television could teach catchy advertising jingles, it could also teach substantive educational material. He discussed this idea with Joan Ganz Cooney in 1966. They explored using advertising techniques to teach letters and numbers. This concept became the foundation for the Children's Television Workshop. To fund this mission, Morrisett helped secure millions of dollars. This included $4 million from the U.S. Commissioner of Education and $1 million from Carnegie. The Ford Foundation also provided $3 million in support.

Sesame Street debuted on November 10, 1969, featuring characters like Jim Henson's Muppets. The program was a massive success in both education and entertainment. As of 2008, the series had won 118 Emmy Awards. This is more awards than any other television series. An estimated 77 million Americans watched the show during their childhood. The impact was global, with at least seventeen indigenous versions produced for different countries. The workshop also created other programs like The Electric Company and Pinky Dinky Doo.

Morrisett also served as the president of the John and Mary Markle Foundation. He shifted the foundation's focus from medicine to communications and information technology. He viewed philanthropy through a unique lens. He described his work as being like a "venture capital company." However, instead of seeking financial profit, he sought "social benefit." This approach aimed to invest resources into projects that created lasting positive change in society. He remained active in various leadership roles, including serving on the board of the RAND Corporation for thirty years. Morrisett passed away in 2023 at the age of 93.

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