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Li Wenliang

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Li Wenliang was a Chinese ophthalmologist who became a central figure during the early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic. An ophthalmologist is a medical doctor who specializes in eye health. Born on October 12, 1985, in Beizhen, Liaoning, Li grew up in a Manchu family. His parents had been state enterprise workers before losing their jobs during the layoffs of the 1990s. Li was a dedicated student who graduated from Beizhen High School in 2004 with excellent grades. He later attended the Wuhan University School of Medicine, completing a seven-year combined bachelor's and master's degree program. During his medical studies, he joined the Chinese Communist Party. His mentors described him as a diligent and honest student, while his classmates remembered him as a basketball fan.

李文亮的训诫书
李文亮的训诫书

In 2014, Li began working as an ophthalmologist at Wuhan Central Hospital. His role in the pandemic began in late December 2019, when doctors in Wuhan noticed many unusual cases of pneumonia. On December 30, 2019, the Wuhan Centres for Disease Prevention and Control (Wuhan CDC) issued emergency warnings to local hospitals. On that same day, Li received an internal diagnostic report from a colleague. The report, which originated from Ai Fen, the director of the emergency department at Wuhan Central Hospital, suggested a suspected case of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). Ai Fen had become alarmed by a patient who showed symptoms similar to influenza but resisted conventional treatments. Li saw the report contained the phrase "SARS coronavirus."

Li decided to share this information within a private WeChat group consisting of his Wuhan University alumni. He posted a patient's examination report and a CT scan image to his classmates. At 17:43, he noted that seven confirmed cases of SARS had been reported from the Huanan Seafood Market. He later added that the infections were confirmed to be coronaviruses, though the exact strain was still being subtyped. Li's intention was not to alert the general public, but to warn his colleagues. He specifically asked the group members to be discreet and only to remind their families and loved ones to remain alert. He expressed distress when the discussion spread beyond the private group.

As the messages circulated on the Chinese internet, authorities intervened. On January 3, 2020, the Wuhan Public Security Bureau summoned Li and seven other doctors. The police interrogated them and issued a formal written warning for "making false comments on the Internet about unconfirmed SARS outbreak." Li was forced to sign a letter of admonition, which is a formal reprimand, promising not to repeat his actions. The police warned that further behavior could lead to prosecution. This event led to Li being labeled a whistleblower by many, as he had attempted to share medical warnings during a period of uncertainty.

李文亮的训诫书
李文亮的训诫书

Despite the reprimand, Li returned to his medical duties at the hospital. On January 8, 2020, he unknowingly contracted COVID-19 while treating a patient. The patient was a storekeeper from the Huanan Seafood Market who suffered from acute angle-closure glaucoma. Medical experts noted that this patient had a high viral load, which may have contributed to Li's infection. Li developed a fever and a severe cough shortly after. By January 12, he was admitted to intensive care at the Houhu Hospital District of Wuhan Central Hospital. He was quarantined and received treatment for the virus, which was later identified as SARS-CoV-2. He officially tested positive on January 30 and was diagnosed on February 1.

Li's health declined rapidly as the disease progressed. On February 6, his oxygen saturation had dropped to 85%. Medical staff used extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO), a machine that performs life support functions like breathing and pumping blood, to try to keep him alive. However, his heartbeat stopped at 21:30. The hospital formally announced his death at 2:58 a.m. on February 7, 2020. He was 34 years old. During the period of confusion surrounding his status, more than 17 million people watched live streams for updates on his condition.

Li's death caused significant grief and social reaction. In Wuhan, citizens placed flowers and blew whistles at the hospital as a tribute. Some people participated in an activity where they turned off their lights and blew whistles for five minutes to mourn him. On social media, the hashtag #WeWantFreedomOfSpeech gained over two million views before being removed by censors. The Chinese Supreme People's Court later stated that the citizens should not have been punished, noting that the warnings might have encouraged helpful measures like wearing masks. In March 2020, the Wuhan police formally apologized to Li's family and revoked his admonishment. In April 2020, the government posthumously awarded him the May Fourth Medal. His story remains a significant example of the role of medical professionals during a public health crisis.

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