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Li He

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Li He was a prominent Chinese poet of the Middle Tang dynasty. He lived during the late eighth and early ninth centuries. He is celebrated for an idiosyncratic style that explored supernatural themes. His work often featured ghostly, fantastic, and eerie imagery. Because of this morbid style, he earned unique nicknames. A Song scholar called him Guicai, meaning "devilish talent." Others referred to him as the "Poet Ghost" or "Poetry Devil." These titles contrasted him with other great poets. For example, Li Bai was known as the "Poetry Immortal." Du Fu was known as the "Poetry Sage."

Collected Songs and Verses of Li He WDL11389
Collected Songs and Verses of Li He WDL11389

Li He followed a very disciplined process to create his art. He was a remarkably diligent poet who worked even while traveling. He carried an old brocade bag during his daytime journeys. Whenever a poetic line came to his mind, he jotted it down. He would store these fragments in his bag throughout the day. When he arrived home in the evening, he would arrange them. He then completed the full poems from these collected pieces. This method allowed him to capture inspiration as it happened.

His early life was marked by both royal heritage and personal hardship. He was born around 790 or 791 in Fuchang County. His family members were descendants of the ruling Tang dynasty. However, his specific branch had fallen to a low social rank. Li He began composing poetry at the age of seven. By age 15, other people were already comparing him to masters. He was known for having a very sickly appearance. He was often described as being very thin. He also let his fingernails grow long.

At age 20, Li He faced a major obstacle in his career. He attempted to sit for the Imperial Examination. This exam was necessary to earn high government positions. However, he was forbidden from taking the test due to a naming taboo. The first character of his father's name, Jinsu, was homophonous with the degree name, Jinshi. This means the names sounded too similar. Some scholars believe rivals used this as a pretext. They may have been jealous of his poetic skill. Consequently, he only served three years in a low-ranking office.

Collected Songs and Verses of Li He WDL11389
Collected Songs and Verses of Li He WDL11389

Li He's poetry is characterized by its unique and strange qualities. He rarely used the standard regulated verse form. Instead, his poems relied on unusual and fantastic imagery. He frequently used inauspicious words, such as "death" or "aging." His work often evoked the worlds of gods and Buddhas. In his poem "Sky Dream," he describes celestial scenes. He mentions a moon's rabbit and a cold toad. In "The King of Qin Drinks Wine," he uses vivid colors. He describes a king riding a tiger across the cosmos. These works create a sense of a supernatural reality.

About 240 of his poems survive to the present day. His legacy has fluctuated significantly throughout Chinese history. During the Song and Yuan dynasties, many poets imitated him. This specific style was named Changji-ti after his courtesy name. However, his popularity declined during the mid-Qing dynasty. Literary tastes changed during this era. His work was notably excluded from the influential Three Hundred Tang Poems. This collection acted as an arbiter of poetic taste. Despite this, there was a revival of interest in the twentieth century.

Collected Songs and Verses of Li He WDL11389
Collected Songs and Verses of Li He WDL11389

Historical records provide various accounts of his life and impact. The Old Book of Tang and New Book of Tang both offer biographies. These official histories rely heavily on earlier records. For instance, the poet Li Shangyin wrote a Short Biography of Li He. Another poet, Du Mu, wrote a preface to his collected poems in 831. These writings help scholars understand his reputation. In modern times, he remains a significant figure in literary studies. He was among the Tang poets most admired by Mao Zedong. Japanese sinologist Kazuyuki Fukazawa called him a representative poet of his era.

Collected Songs and Verses of Li He WDL11389
Collected Songs and Verses of Li He WDL11389
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