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Laptop

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A laptop is a portable personal computer (PC) designed for mobile use.

Laptop collage
Laptop collage

Most laptops use a clamshell form factor. This means they feature a flat-panel screen inside the upper lid. An alphanumeric keyboard and a pointing device are inside the lower lid. Most internal hardware is located in the lower part, underneath the keyboard. Modern laptops often include a built-in webcam at the top of the screen. Some models also feature a touchscreen display for direct interaction. Unlike tablet computers that run on mobile operating systems, laptops usually run on desktop operating systems. These systems were originally developed for stationary desktop computers.

Laptops function by integrating all standard input and output components into one compact unit.

Acer CB5-311 series touchpad
Acer CB5-311 series touchpad

These components include a display screen, speakers, a keyboard, and a pointing device. The pointing device is usually a trackpad, though some use a pointing stick.

Trackpoint Assembly
Trackpoint Assembly

Users can power these devices using continuous wall power or a rechargeable battery. This allows for use in many settings, such as work, education, or gaming. They can be folded shut for easy storage and transportation. Hardware specifications vary significantly based on the model and price point. Design and construction also change depending on the intended use of the machine.

Several specialized types of laptops exist to meet specific needs. Hybrid laptops, also called 2-in-1s or convertibles, combine features of laptops and tablets.

Microsoft Surface Pro 3 with Type Cover
Microsoft Surface Pro 3 with Type Cover

These devices have touchscreens designed for multi-touch gestures or a digital pen, also known as a stylus. Some convertibles can flip or rotate the keyboard out of view. Gaming laptops are specialized machines used primarily for video games.

Alienware
Alienware

They prioritize high refresh rates, specialized graphics hardware (GPUs) for ray tracing, and RGB lighting. Mobile workstations, or desktop-replacement computers, are much more powerful and expensive.

ThinkPad X220
ThinkPad X220

They are intended for professional use but often have shorter battery life due to high performance. Finally, rugged laptops are built for harsh environments like construction sites or military applications.

Toughbook-cf-m34 4
Toughbook-cf-m34 4

The history of the laptop is closely linked to the personal computer. In 1968, Alan Kay imagined a "personal, portable information manipulator" at Xerox PARC.

Alan Kay and the prototype of Dynabook, pt. 5 (3010032738)
Alan Kay and the prototype of Dynabook, pt. 5 (3010032738)

He described this concept as the "Dynabook" in a 1972 paper. In 1973, the IBM Special Computer APL Machine Portable (SCAMP) was demonstrated. The IBM 5100, released in September 1975, was the first commercially available portable computer.

IBM 5100 - MfK Bern
IBM 5100 - MfK Bern

As 8-bit CPU machines became common, portable computers increased in number. The Epson HX-20 was a major milestone in 1982.

Epson-hx-20
Epson-hx-20

It was the size of an A4 notebook and included a rechargeable battery and a tiny printer. The GRiD Compass 1101, released in 1982, was used by NASA and the military.

GRiD Compass 1101 (1)
GRiD Compass 1101 (1)

Technological advancements have driven the growth of the laptop market. In the 1980s, the need for lighter storage led to the development of memory cards.

3Com modem - Ethernet PCMCIA in IBM 9547
3Com modem - Ethernet PCMCIA in IBM 9547

The PCMCIA association was created in 1989 to standardize these cards. Hard drives also became smaller, with 2.5-inch drives becoming common around 1990.

Lenovo G555 состав - Донор
Lenovo G555 состав - Донор

Display technology also evolved rapidly. Screens reached 640x480 resolution by 1988, and color screens became common in 1991. By 2003, 17-inch screen laptops were available. The market grew quickly, with laptop sales growing three times faster than desktops by 1992. By 1994, laptops accounted for one sixth of the personal computer market. This was a massive increase from just one twentieth in 1990.

Terminology for these devices has shifted over the decades. The word "laptop" is modeled after "desktop" and refers to placing the computer on one's lap.

Homework (8120708019)
Homework (8120708019)

The term "notebook" emerged in 1982 to describe the Epson HX-20.

Epson-hx-20
Epson-hx-20

Originally, notebooks were smaller and lighter than mainstream laptops. They were roughly the size of a paper notebook. However, as mainstream laptops became smaller and more capable, the terms began to converge. By the late 1990s, the two words became synonymous in most dialects. Today, people use them interchangeably to describe portable computers.

Modern laptops continue to integrate new technologies into their designs. In the early 2010s, webcams reached 1080p (Full HD) resolution.

Macbook Air
Macbook Air

Optical disc drives, like CD-ROM and DVD drives, were common in the late 1990s. However, since 2011, the trend has shifted away from internal optical drives. Most users now use external peripherals for these tasks. The industry has moved toward specialized categories like "ultraportables" and high-performance workstations. While old marketing terms like "netbooks" have fallen out of favor, the diversity of laptops remains high. Users now choose devices based on screen size and specific professional or recreational needs.

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🖼️ Images & Media (31)
File:Laptop collage.jpg
Laptop collage.jpg
File:Alan Kay and the prototype of Dynabook, pt. 5 (3010032738).jpg
Alan Kay and the prototype of Dynabook,...
File:IBM 5100 - MfK Bern.jpg
IBM 5100 - MfK Bern.jpg
File:Epson-hx-20.jpg
Epson-hx-20.jpg
File:GRiD Compass 1101 (1).jpg
GRiD Compass 1101 (1).jpg
File:Zenith supersPORT (1).jpg
Zenith supersPORT (1).jpg
File:Compaq Armada 7800.jpg
Compaq Armada 7800.jpg
File:Macbook Air.jpg
Macbook Air.jpg
File:Lenovo Ideapad 3 20240401 121836.jpg
Lenovo Ideapad 3 20240401 121836.jpg
File:ThinkPad X220.jpg
ThinkPad X220.jpg
File:Asus Transformer Pad TF701T Tablet and Keyboard Dock.png
Asus Transformer Pad TF701T Tablet and...
File:Microsoft Surface Pro 3 with Type Cover.jpg
Microsoft Surface Pro 3 with Type Cover.jpg

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