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Desktop computer

technology Maturity 11-13 Next article →

A desktop computer is a personal computer designed for regular use at a stationary location. Because of their size and power requirements, they are meant to stay on or near a desk. This differs from portable computers, like laptops, which are built for movement.

Desktop computer system diagram (English)
Desktop computer system diagram (English)

Desktops remain essential tools in many environments. They are still a staple in the enterprise market, which includes large businesses. They are also widely used in the commercial and educational sectors.

Most desktop systems rely on a central case to house internal components. This case contains the power supply and the motherboard. The motherboard is a printed circuit board that serves as the system's foundation. It holds the microprocessor, which acts as the central processing unit (CPU). The motherboard also contains the memory, the bus, and various electronic components.

Ibm pc 5150
Ibm pc 5150

To interact with the system, users utilize input and output devices. A keyboard and mouse provide input, while a monitor, speakers, and printers provide output. For data storage, these systems use hard disk drives, solid-state drives, or optical disc drives.

Desktop computers come in different physical shapes, known as form factors. A common configuration is the tower, where the case is oriented vertically. Most cases offered since the mid-1990s have used this tower design. Towers are popular because they provide more room for expansion. They also free up desk space for larger monitors. In contrast, some cases are oriented horizontally. These are often called desktop cases. Some special cases can be positioned both horizontally and vertically, functioning as either a desktop or a mini-tower.

Falcon Northwest Talon
Falcon Northwest Talon

Compact desktops are another type, designed with reduced physical proportions. These are often inexpensive, low-power machines used for basic tasks.

Dell OptiPlex behind TFT screen
Dell OptiPlex behind TFT screen

The history of computing shows a massive shift in scale. Early computers, known as mainframes, could occupy an entire room. Later, minicomputers were introduced, but they were still quite large. These often fit into refrigerator-sized racks or were built into large desks. It was not until the 1970s that fully programmable computers could fit on top of a desk. In 1970, the Datapoint 2200 was introduced as a smart terminal. In 1971, the HP 9800 series began as programmable calculators. By 1977, the "1977 Trinity" of personal home computers arrived: the Apple II, the TRS-80, and the Commodore PET.

Apple II IMG 4212
Apple II IMG 4212

Throughout the 1980s and 1990s, desktops became the most popular computer type. The IBM PC and its clones led the market, followed by the Apple Macintosh. The Commodore Amiga also saw success in the mid-1980s. During the 1990s, video games like Doom and Quake drove technological changes. Enthusiasts frequently upgraded their CPUs and graphics cards to run these applications.

Man with computer, controlling a hydroelectric power plant
Man with computer, controlling a hydroelectric power plant

However, the mid-2000s saw a shift toward laptops. In 2007, around 109 million notebook PCs were shipped worldwide. This was a 33% increase from 2006. By the third quarter of 2008, notebook shipments exceeded desktop shipments for the first time.

Laptops in store 20170514
Laptops in store 20170514

Several factors contributed to the decline in desktop popularity. The rise of battery-powered portable computers changed how people worked. Additionally, many desktop assembly plants in the United States closed by 2010. The emergence of smartphones and tablets also created a "post-PC" trend. These mobile devices could handle many basic tasks, such as social media and casual gaming. This reduced the need for a second or third PC in many households. Despite this, desktops remain necessary for serious, high-performance work.

Recently, the desktop market has shown signs of a resurgence. In 2019, the global PC market saw its first full year of growth in eight years. Total shipments, including desktops and notebooks, reached 268.1 million units. Between 2020 and 2021, PC sales increased by 14.8%. In 2024, 255.5 million PCs were shipped globally. Gaming desktops have seen particularly strong growth. The global revenue for gaming desktops has increased by 54% annually.

MSI-Gaming-PC 2024-09-30
MSI-Gaming-PC 2024-09-30

This growth is driven by the increasing affordability of high-performance desktop systems.

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🖼️ Images & Media (11)
File:Desktop computer system diagram (English).svg
Desktop computer system diagram (English).svg
File:Apple II IMG 4212.jpg
Apple II IMG 4212.jpg
File:Ibm pc 5150.jpg
Ibm pc 5150.jpg
File:Man with computer, controlling a hydroelectric power plant.JPG
Man with computer, controlling a...
File:Laptops in store 20170514.jpg
Laptops in store 20170514.jpg
File:MSI-Gaming-PC 2024-09-30.png
MSI-Gaming-PC 2024-09-30.png
File:Dell OptiPlex behind TFT screen.jpg
Dell OptiPlex behind TFT screen.jpg
File:Dell Inspiron One 23 Touch AIO Desktop PC.png
Dell Inspiron One 23 Touch AIO Desktop PC.png
File:Falcon Northwest Talon.png
Falcon Northwest Talon.png
File:NeXT Pizzabox-IMG 7227.jpg
NeXT Pizzabox-IMG 7227.jpg
File:NEXT Cube-IMG 7154.jpg
NEXT Cube-IMG 7154.jpg
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