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Kufic

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Kufic is a prominent style of Arabic script known for its highly angular and rectilinear letterforms. It is one of the oldest calligraphic forms of the various Arabic scripts. This style gained importance early on as the preferred method for transcribing the Quran. It also became a major tool for architectural decoration. Beyond its use in writing, Kufic serves as an archetype for many other Arabic scripts. It represents a significant branch of Islamic Art where beauty and delicacy are clearly visible.

Folio from a Koran (8th-9th century)
Folio from a Koran (8th-9th century)

The script is defined by its geometric composition. It uses straight lines, angles, verticals, and horizontals. Calligraphers often use a reed pen to create these lines. This tool produces a steady stroke with varying thicknesses based on the direction of movement. Originally, Kufic did not use differentiated consonants. This meant that letters like "t", "b", and "th" were not distinguished by diacritical marks and appeared identical. The script also features a strong horizontal orientation and a relatively low vertical profile.

There are several distinct versions of the Kufic script. One type is known as floriated Kufic, which incorporates floral designs. Another is knotted Kufic, which uses intricate patterns. A very different version is Square Kufic, also called banna'i or "masonry" script. This style developed in the 12th century and uses simplified rectangular forms. In Square Kufic, artists use bricks and tiles like pixels to create patterns. This method is often used in Iranian architecture to spell sacred names like Muhammad or Ali.

Hafsids Bougie Algeria 1249 1276 ornemental Kufic
Hafsids Bougie Algeria 1249 1276 ornemental Kufic

The history of Kufic is tied to the city of Kufa in southern Iraq. During the early Islamic period, Kufa was a major intellectual center. The script was prevalent in manuscripts from the 7th to the 10th centuries. It remained the primary script for copying the Quran until about the 11th century. Western scholars first learned the term "Kufic" through Jacob George Christian Adler, who lived from 1756 to 1834. Over time, the script evolved from plain, slanted writing into the more authoritative Primary Kufic script.

Folio from a Koran (8th-9th century)
Folio from a Koran (8th-9th century)

Kufic has been used in many high-status contexts throughout history. A famous example is the Blue Quran, which features gold Kufic script on parchment dyed with indigo. This manuscript is often attributed to the early Fatimid or Abbasid courts. The production of such a book required immense financial expense and political power. Kufic was also essential for numismatic inscriptions, which are writings found on coins. On Seljuk and early Ottoman coins, the letter strokes became perfectly straight. By the year 86, curves on coins tended toward geometric circularity.

Square Kufic is organized into three specific configurations. The first is Free Flow, which is a normal pixelated font without specific boundaries. The second is Linear, where writing moves from right to left within a justified rectangular height. In Linear Kufic, letters and dots must remain only one pixel apart. The third is Spiral, which is often used as a design centerpiece. While Linear Kufic stays at a single height, Spiral Kufic allows letters to integrate at the corners of multiple datums. This makes it ideal for logos and short scriptures on buildings.

Hafsids Bougie Algeria 1249 1276 ornemental Kufic
Hafsids Bougie Algeria 1249 1276 ornemental Kufic

Today, the influence of Kufic reaches into many different fields. It is seen in the modern flags of Iraq and Iran. In Europe, a style called "pseudo-Kufic" or "Kufesque" emerged during the Middle Ages and Renaissance. This refers to non-Arabic imitations used for architectural decoration. Square Kufic has also found new life in modern ornaments, such as decorated clocks and stickers. It is even used in freestyle Arabic calligraphy competitions and professional logos. This shows how a traditional script can adapt to modern design and technology.

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File:Unknown, North Africa or Southern Spain, 9th or 10th Century - Blue Qur'an Page - Google Art Project (cropped).jpg
Unknown, North Africa or Southern Spain,...
File:Folio from a Koran (8th-9th century).jpg
Folio from a Koran (8th-9th century).jpg
File:Hafsids Bougie Algeria 1249 1276 ornemental Kufic.JPG
Hafsids Bougie Algeria 1249 1276...
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