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Kitsune

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In Japanese folklore, a kitsune is much more than a simple animal. While the word literally means "fox," it usually refers to a supernatural fox spirit.

Obake Karuta 3-01
Obake Karuta 3-01

These beings are credited with immense intelligence and magical powers. They are often described as having the ability to shapeshift, which means they can change their physical appearance. They can also bewitch or beguile other living things. Some scholars even describe the kitsune as a "disorienting deity" because they can make travelers lose their way.

Yoshitoshi - 100 Aspects of the Moon - 91
Yoshitoshi - 100 Aspects of the Moon - 91

The methods kitsune use to trick humans are quite specific in folklore. A common trick involves leading people astray in the mountains after dark. Other stories describe people being fooled into eating "horse-dung dumplings" or taking a bath in a manure pit. Some people are even tricked into accepting "leaf money" instead of real currency.

Hiroshige%2C New Year%27s Eve foxfires at the changing tree%2C Oji%2C 1857
Hiroshige%2C New Year%27s Eve foxfires at the changing tree%2C Oji%2C 1857

These tales are part of a wider category of folklore involving spirits that can cause confusion or mischief.

A kitsune's power is closely tied to its age and the number of tails it possesses. In many traditions, a fox grows more tails as it lives longer. Some folktales suggest a fox only gains a new tail after living for 100 years. A nine-tailed fox is considered exceptionally old and powerful.

NineTailsFox
NineTailsFox

Ancient texts like the *Classic of Mountains and Seas* describe different classes of foxes. These include the *tenko*, a celestial spirit that has no physical form, and the *byakko*, or white fox. Kitsune are also often depicted with a *tama*, a fox jewel. This jewel is sometimes seen as a necessary item for their magic or transformations.

Historical records show that foxes have been significant in Japan for centuries. The *Nihon Shoki*, a chronicle compiled in 720, mentions foxes as omens. In 657, a white fox was seen in Iwami Province, which was viewed as a good sign. However, in 659, a fox biting a vine at a shrine was seen as a bad omen for Empress Saimei. The word *kitsune* itself appears in texts as early as 794. While the exact origin of the name is unknown, some suggest it might come from onomatopoeia representing a fox's bark or yelp.

In Shinto tradition, kitsune are deeply connected to Inari, the deity of rice.

Fushimi Inari mini torii
Fushimi Inari mini torii

Many believe foxes are sacred because they are natural enemies of rats that eat rice crops. Because fox urine can repel rats, people historically placed stones near rice fields to honor them. White foxes are seen as messengers of Inari and can act as guardian spirits to ward off evil. In some areas, people even believed certain families were "fox owners" because they had tamed spirits.

Blacksmith Munechika, helped by a fox spirit, forging the blade Ko-Gitsune Maru, by Ogata Gekkō
Blacksmith Munechika, helped by a fox spirit, forging the blade Ko-Gitsune Maru, by Ogata Gekkō

Beyond Shinto, kitsune appear in other religious contexts as well. In Buddhism, the fox is sometimes seen as the mount of the deva Dakini. There was also a widespread superstition known as *kitsunetsuki*, or fox possession. This was a belief that a fox spirit could possess a person. To deal with this, people would consult a *miko* priestess or a *shugendō* priest. Some *miko* were said to perform *kuchiyose*, a type of séance to communicate with the spirit.

Kitsune remain a major part of Japanese culture and entertainment. They are featured in traditional Noh, Kyogen, and Kabuki plays.

Tamamo-no-mae-woodblock
Tamamo-no-mae-woodblock

You can also find them in modern anime, comic books, and video games. Their influence even reaches Japanese food. Because it is believed that Inari and the kitsune love fried tofu, known as *abura-age*, certain dishes are named after them. For example, *kitsune udon* is a popular noodle dish topped with this fried tofu.

Shuryo-zusetsu(1892)-p141-kitsunetsuri-foxtrap
Shuryo-zusetsu(1892)-p141-kitsunetsuri-foxtrap

This connection between folklore and daily life keeps the legend of the fox spirit alive today.

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🖼️ Images & Media (15)
File:Yoshitoshi - 100 Aspects of the Moon - 91.jpg
Yoshitoshi - 100 Aspects of the Moon - 91.jpg
File:Obake Karuta 3-01.jpg
Obake Karuta 3-01.jpg
File:NineTailsFox.JPG
NineTailsFox.JPG
File:Fushimi Inari mini torii.jpg
Fushimi Inari mini torii.jpg
File:Blacksmith Munechika, helped by a fox spirit, forging the blade Ko-Gitsune Maru, by Ogata Gekkō.jpg
Blacksmith Munechika, helped by a fox...
File:Shuryo-zusetsu(1892)-p141-kitsunetsuri-foxtrap.png
Shuryo-zusetsu(1892)-p141-kitsunetsuri-foxtrap.png
File:A man confronted with an apparition of the Fox goddess.jpg
A man confronted with an apparition of...
File:Chouju 1st scroll-02-rabbit&fox&target.jpg
Chouju 1st scroll-02-rabbit&fox&target.jpg
File:Kuniyoshi Kuzunoha.jpg
Kuniyoshi Kuzunoha.jpg
File:Sankoyokoden-Kayo-fujin-SumidaHokusaiMus.jpg
Sankoyokoden-Kayo-fujin-SumidaHokusaiMus.jpg
File:Tamamo-no-mae-woodblock.jpg
Tamamo-no-mae-woodblock.jpg
File:Prince Hanzoku terrorised by a nine- tailed fox.jpg
Prince Hanzoku terrorised by a nine-...

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