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Bake-danuki

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The bake-danuki is a type of yōkai, which are supernatural beings in Japanese folklore.

SekienTanuki
SekienTanuki

These creatures are closely associated with the tanuki, or Japanese raccoon dog. While the tanuki is a real, living animal, the bake-danuki is a mythical version with magical powers. They are often viewed as comical tricksters rather than frightening monsters. Many legends describe them as foolish animals that enjoy playing pranks on humans. In some regions, they are even treated with great respect through specific rituals.

One of the most famous abilities of the bake-danuki is shapeshifting. They can transform into various objects, animals, or even human beings. Some folklore suggests they can even possess people. There is a common saying that compares them to the kitsune, or fox. While a fox is said to have seven disguises, a tanuki is said to have eight. This implies that the tanuki is actually superior at changing its form. However, their motives differ from the fox. While foxes might change shape to tempt people, tanuki often do so to make people look silly or to simply enjoy the change.

Taxidermy of Raccoon Dog-Morinji, Tatebayashi, Gunma
Taxidermy of Raccoon Dog-Morinji, Tatebayashi, Gunma

Different regions of Japan have their own unique tanuki legends. In the Sado Islands of Niigata Prefecture, the Danzaburou-danuki is a well-known figure. Awa Province in Tokushima Prefecture features the Kinchō-tanuki and the Rokuemon-tanuki. In Kagawa Prefecture, legends tell of the Yashima no Hage-tanuki. These specific tanuki are so famous that they have been given individual names. Some of these legendary creatures have even become the focus of local religious practices.

Historical records show that these stories are very old. The earliest written mention of bake-danuki appears in the Nihon Shoki. This text was written during the Nara period. It describes tanuki in the country of Mutsu turning into humans to sing songs. Later, the creatures appeared in other classic texts like the Nihon Ryōiki and the Uji Shūi Monogatari. The way people describe them has also changed over time. Originally, the Chinese character used for them referred to medium-sized mammals like leopard cats. When this character was used in Japan, it was applied to tanuki, wild boars, and even flying squirrels.

Many stories describe specific, magical events caused by these beings. In Gunma Prefecture, a tanuki named Bunbuku disguised itself as a teapot. This teapot could boil tea that never ran out, no matter how much was poured. In Ibaraki Prefecture, a tanuki disguised itself as a monk at the Gugyō-ji temple. It worked there for a long time before its true form was discovered. In the city of Edo, people reported hearing mysterious drumming sounds at night. These sounds, called tanuki-bayashi, became part of local nursery rhymes.

Kamakura Tanuki
Kamakura Tanuki

Tanuki are also known for certain physical traits in art and folklore. They are often depicted with large bellies and are said to drum on them. This creates sounds like "pom poko" or "ponpon." A unique and comical image involves their large scrotum. During the Kamakura era, goldsmiths used tanuki pelts to hammer gold into thin leaves. This may have contributed to the idea of tanuki using their anatomy as tools, such as drums or traveler's packs. This imagery remains a part of many traditional songs and stories.

Jrballe 2007 statue of Tanuki entrance shrine
Jrballe 2007 statue of Tanuki entrance shrine

In modern times, the bake-danuki has become a symbol of good fortune. You can see many tanuki statues across Japan, often made of Shigaraki ware pottery. A potter named Tetsuzo Fujiwara helped make this modern style popular in 1936. In 1952, a Buddhist monk defined eight specific traits for these statues to represent luck. These include a hat for protection, big eyes for good decisions, and a sake bottle for virtue. They also feature a large tail for strength, a promissory note for trust, a big belly for decisiveness, and a friendly smile. The large scrotum is included to symbolize financial luck.

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🖼️ Images & Media (5)
File:SekienTanuki.jpg
SekienTanuki.jpg
File:Taxidermy of Raccoon Dog-Morinji, Tatebayashi, Gunma.JPG
Taxidermy of Raccoon Dog-Morinji,...
File:Kamakura Tanuki.jpg
Kamakura Tanuki.jpg
File:Tanuki or Racoon dog. Banna-ji. Ashikaga, Tochigi.jpg
Tanuki or Racoon dog. Banna-ji. Ashikaga,...
File:Jrballe 2007 statue of Tanuki entrance shrine.JPG
Jrballe 2007 statue of Tanuki entrance shrine.JPG
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