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Ki no Tsurayuki

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Ki no Tsurayuki was a prominent Japanese author, poet, and court noble. He lived during the Heian period, a significant era for Japanese culture.

Sanjūrokkasen-gaku - 2 - Kanō Tan’yū - Ki no Tsurayuki
Sanjūrokkasen-gaku - 2 - Kanō Tan’yū - Ki no Tsurayuki

He is most famous for his mastery of waka. Waka are short poems composed in the Japanese language. Tsurayuki was so highly regarded that Fujiwara no Kintō named him one of the Thirty-six Poetry Immortals. His literary contributions helped shape the direction of Japanese poetry for centuries.

One of Tsurayuki's most significant achievements was his work on the Kokin Wakashū. In 905, Emperor Daigo ordered four poets to compile this collection. This was the first imperially-sponsored anthology, or chokusen-shū, of waka poetry.

Tosa nikki copied by Teika
Tosa nikki copied by Teika

Tsurayuki served as the chief editor for this massive project. He also authored the Japanese preface for the Kokin Wakashū. This preface was the first critical essay ever written regarding waka. In it, he traced the history of poetry from its mythological origins to his own time. He even provided critical commentary on earlier poets, such as Ariwara no Narihira.

Beyond his work as an editor, Tsurayuki was a prolific poet. He composed well over 500 poems during his lifetime. These works appeared in imperial collections, personal collections, and the Kokin Wakashū. His talent was recognized long after his death. In the 13th century, Fujiwara no Teika included one of his waka in the Hyakunin Isshu. This is a famous collection of one hundred poems by various authors. His ability to capture emotion through short verse remains a hallmark of his legacy.

Tsurayuki also held several important government positions. He served as the Vice Governor of Kaga from 917 to 923. During that same period, he was also the Vice Governor of Mino Province. In 930, he was appointed Governor of Tosa Province. He remained in this role until 935. He later held the rank of Junior Fifth Rank, Upper Grade. His career shows he was a respected leader as well as a gifted artist.

After his term in Tosa, Tsurayuki wrote a unique literary work called the Tosa Nikki. This is often called the Tosa Diary. He wrote it using kana, which is a Japanese writing system. The diary describes a 55-day journey from Tosa Province back to the capital, Kyoto. Interestingly, Tsurayuki wrote the diary from the perspective of a woman. This choice has led to many debates among scholars regarding gender and social status. The diary also includes many poems and references to his own life. It even alludes to the death of his daughter.

Details about Tsurayuki's early life and family are somewhat limited. He was born in either 866 or 872. His father was Ki no Mochiyuki. His mother was a court dancer from the naikyoubou, though her name is unknown. Tsurayuki had three children. His son was named Ki no Tokibumi. He had two daughters, one named Ki no Naishi and another whose name was not recorded. The lack of records for women's names was common during the Heian period.

Records regarding the end of his life vary slightly. The Sanjurokunin kasenden, which documents the Thirty-six Immortals of Poetry, suggests he may have died on May 18, 945. However, other reports state he died on June 30 of that same year. His influence is still felt in the study of classical Japanese literature. He bridged the gap between official court duties and the expressive world of poetry. His life remains a vital link to the cultural heart of ancient Japan.

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File:Sanjūrokkasen-gaku - 2 - Kanō Tan’yū - Ki no Tsurayuki.jpg
Sanjūrokkasen-gaku - 2 - Kanō Tan’yū - Ki...
File:Tosa nikki copied by Teika.JPG
Tosa nikki copied by Teika.JPG
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