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Jeu de paume

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Jeu de paume is an ancient ball-and-court game that originated in France.

Jeu de Paume – Book of Hours
Jeu de Paume – Book of Hours

The name literally translates to "palm game" in English. This sport is highly significant because it served as the direct precursor to real tennis. In the United States, real tennis is often called court tennis. In France, it is known as courte paume. It also eventually led to the development of the modern game of tennis we see today. The term "jeu de paume" can describe the sport itself or the specific court where it is played.

The mechanics of the game have changed significantly over many centuries. Originally, players used their bare hands to strike the ball. This style of play is similar to modern games like volleyball or pelota. To protect themselves, players eventually began wearing gloves instead of using bare skin. Later, they introduced paddle-like bats known as battoirs. By the late 17th century, strung racquets became the standard equipment for players.

Jeu de paume racquets and battoirs, 1772
Jeu de paume racquets and battoirs, 1772

Even after these tools were introduced, the original name of the game remained the same.

There are distinct versions of the game based on where they are played. The indoor version is called jeu de courte paume, or "short palm." This distinguishes it from the outdoor version known as longue paume, or "long palm." The outdoor version is played on a field of variable length and does not use a net.

Jeu de paume
Jeu de paume

These different styles allowed the sport to adapt to various environments and settings.

The history of jeu de paume is deeply connected to French culture. In the 17th century, the buildings used for the game were sometimes converted into theatres.

Jeu de paume
Jeu de paume

During the late 16th century, a writer and historian named Étienne Pasquier was famously addicted to the sport. The game also played a role in major political shifts. On June 20, 1789, deputies of the Estates-General met at a court for a pivotal moment in the French Revolution. This event is known as the Tennis Court Oath, where they vowed to proclaim a formal Constitution for France. This moment was later captured in a famous sketch by Jacques-Louis David.

Jeu de paume has a long history of formal competition. It was included as a medal event in the 1908 Summer Olympics. During those games, an American athlete named Jay Gould II won the gold medal.

Jeu de paume
Jeu de paume

The sport also boasts the oldest ongoing annual world championship in international sport. This is the Real Tennis World Championship, which has been held every September since 1740. This competition represents the oldest active trophy in the world of international sports, spanning over 250 years.

Many different examples of the game's influence can be seen in modern athletics. The evolution of the sport has branched into various racquet and handball games. These include squash, badminton, and even jai alai, which uses a hand-held basket called a cesta.

Jeu de paume racquets and battoirs, 1772
Jeu de paume racquets and battoirs, 1772

Other related forms of handball include Fives, Gaelic handball, and Basque pelota. While some games like the Mesoamerican ballgame have independent origins, the lineage of jeu de paume is clearly tied to the development of modern racquet sports.

Today, the legacy of jeu de paume is preserved in both museums and modern courts. You can visit a modernized court at the Palace of Fontainebleau.

Jeu de paume, Fontainebleau (septembre 1991)
Jeu de paume, Fontainebleau (septembre 1991)

In Paris, the Galerie nationale du Jeu de Paume serves as a museum of contemporary art. This museum is housed in a former court located on the north side of the Tuileries park. These sites ensure that the history of the "palm game" remains a visible part of the cultural landscape.

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File:Jeu de paume.jpg
Jeu de paume.jpg
File:Jeu de paume racquets and battoirs, 1772.jpg
Jeu de paume racquets and battoirs, 1772.jpg
File:Jeu de Paume – Book of Hours.jpg
Jeu de Paume – Book of Hours.jpg
File:Jeu de paume, Fontainebleau (septembre 1991).JPG
Jeu de paume, Fontainebleau (septembre 1991).JPG
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